The Central Nervous System Chapter 12

Embryonic Development

Ventricles of the Brain

Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral cortex--Motor  Primary motor cortex Coordinates & controls movement  Premotor cortex Controls learned, repetitive movement Plans movement  Broca’s area Language, speech  Frontal eye field Voluntary eye movement

Cerebral Cortex--Sensory  Primary somatosensory Interprets sensation from body  Somatosensory association Integrate sensory input  Visual (Primary, Association)  Auditory (Primary, Association)  Olfactory  Gustatory  Visceral  Vestibular

Cerebral Cortex: Motor and Sensory Areas

Cerebral Cortex--Multimodal  Anterior association area Complex learning, recall, personality, memory, abstract thinking  Posterior association Pattern & facial recognition Awareness of local space Some language  Limbic association Emotional impact “Danger”

Cerebral Cortex

White Matter of the Cerebrum Myelinated neurons Transmit signals to, through, and from the brain

White Matter of the Cerebrum

Basal Nuclei Important in movement: start, stop, intensity Inhibit unnecessary movements Parkinson’s disease

Diencephalon

 Thalamus Coordinate almost all inputs into brain Key role in sensation, motor activities, arousal, learning, memory  Hypothalamus Autonomic control center Emotional response Body temperature Food intake Water balance & thirst Sleep-wake cycle Endocrine system

Ventral View of the Brain

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Limbic System

Meninges

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Location and Circulation of CSF

Spinal Cord Anatomy

Ascending and Descending Tracts

CNS Physiology  Brain Wave Patterns  Consciousness  Sleep and Sleep-Awake Cycles  Memory

Brain Wave Patterns

Consciousness  Alertness  Drowsiness or lethargy  Stupor  Coma

Sleep and Sleep-Awake Cycles

Memory  Storage and retrieval of information  Two distinct stages of memory Short-term memory (STM) Long-term memory (LTM)  Factors affecting transfer from STM to LTM

Memory Processing

Homeostatic Imbalances of the CNS  Epileptic Seizure  Fainting (syncope)  Concussion  Coma  CVA  Paralysis  Cerebral palsy  Amnesia  Narcolepsy  Insomnia  Sleep apnea  Meningitis  Encephalitis  Poliomyelitis  Hydrocephalus  Microencephaly  Anencephaly  Spina bifida  Alzheimer’s Disease  Parkinson’s Disease  Huntington’s Disease

Hydrocephalus

Spina Bifida