Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Prentice Hall PoliticalScienceInteractive Magleby et al. Government by the People Chapter 17 Equal Rights Under the Law

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Equality and Equal Rights Equality of Opportunity Equality of Starting Conditions Equality Between Groups Equality of Results

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Racial Equality:Segregation and White Supremacy After Reconstruction ended, African Americans were lynched in the South on an average of one every four days

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall People & Politics: Martin Luther King, Jr. You may well ask, ‘Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches, and so forth? Isn’t negotiation a better path?’ You are quite right in calling for negotiations. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. - Dr. Martin Luther King

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Racial Equality: A Turning Point

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Women’s Rights 15th Amendment did not bar denial of the vote on the grounds of gender Women had to fight for universal suffrage

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Gender Equality in the Economy The Earnings Gap: Median Weekly Earnings of Men and Women

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Gender Equality in the Economy Gender Differentiation in the Labor Market

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Hispanics Latinos have suffered discrimination in housing, employment, public accommodations, education and have faced harsh treatment from police and other government officials Cesar Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association to organize Latinos

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Asian Americans “Asian-Americans…face widespread prejudice, discrimination and barriers to equal opportunity” -U.S. Civil Rights Commission A WWII Japanese Internment Camp

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Native American Peoples: Reservations in the United States

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Constitutional Classifications and Tests Rational Basis Test Strict Scrutiny Test Heightened Scrutiny

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Voting Rights: Protecting Voting Rights White PrimaryRacial Gerrymandering Poll Tax Literacy Tests Devices used to Prevent African Americans From Voting

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Racial Gerrymandering Following the 1990 census, the Department of Justice pressed southern legislatures to draw as many districts as possible in which minorities would constitute a majority of the electorate Affirmative Racial Gerrymandering in North Carolina

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall The End of “Separate But Equal”: Brown B. Board of Education In 1953, the Supreme Court heard the case of Brown v. Board of Education, argued by NAACP attorney, Thurgood Marshall Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall From Segregation to Desegregation--But Not Yet Integration De Jure Segregation Segregation and discrimination mandated by state and local laws De Facto Segregation Segregation and discrimination resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Rights of Association “My view of the First Amendment and the related guarantees of the Bill of Rights is that they create a zone of privacy which precludes government from interfering with private clubs or groups. The associational rights which our system honors permit all-white, all-black, all- brown, all-yellow clubs to be established….Government may not tell a man or a woman who her associates may be. The individual may be as selective as he desires.” -Justice William O. Douglas (1972)

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Rights of Accommodations Title II: Places of public accommodation Title VII: Employment The Fair Housing Act and Amendments

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall The Affirmative Action Controversy University of California v. Bakke (1978) was one of the earliest challenges to affirmative action in the university Richmond v. Croson (1989) California’s Proposition 209

Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall Reaffirming the Importance of Diversity Jennifer Gratz (right) was the successful plaintiff in Gratz v Bollinger. Barbara Grutter (left) was the unsuccessful plaintiff in Grutter v. Bollinger