Classification

TAXONOMY Branch of biology that names & groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

What are some problems with this system? Aristotle (384-322 BC) Made the first recorded attempt at classification over 2000 years ago. Grouped all living things into two categories: Animals Plants What are some problems with this system?

LINNAEUS Developed a system to fix the problems with Aristotle’s method To classify organisms, their PHYLOGENY, or evolutionary history, should be considered. 7 levels of classification

Phylogenetic Tree

Linnaeus's seven levels of classification are—from largest—smallest   Linnaeus's seven levels of classification are—from largest—smallest kingdom phylum class order family genus species Each level is called a taxon, or taxonomic category.

The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus's taxonomic categories. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

phylum - the subsets of kingdom. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

class, the subsets of phylum. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

An order is a broad category composed of the subsets of class. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

family, the subsets of order. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

Species and genus are the two smallest categories. Genus is each subset within a family Species is each subset within a genus Grizzly bear Black bear Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.

*King Philip Came Over From Great Spain*

The classification for humans: Kingdom-Animalia Phylum-Chordata (subphylum vertebrata) Class-Mammalia Order-Primate Family-Hominidae

Genus-Homo Species-sapiens Why are Homo & sapiens written in italics?????

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Linnaeus also developed a 2 name (SPECIES NAME) system of naming organisms. The species name has 2 parts. The 1st word is the GENUS & the 2nd is the SPECIES. The 1st letter of the genus name is always capitalized. The species name is all lower-case letters. Scientific names should be written in italics or underlined. Homo sapiens (or Homo sapiens) is the scientific name for humans.

Practice… Write the following scientific names correctly: BISON BISON (a buffalo) PANTHERA LEO (a lion) CARETTA CARETTA (a loggerhead sea turtle)

Check yourself… Bison bison or Bison bison Panthera leo or Panthera leo Caretta caretta or Caretta Caretta *Please do not try to write in italics on your quiz/test. It is too difficult for me to tell that you meant it to be that way. Underline instead.*

The Six-Kingdom System of Classification includes: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

The Six Kingdom System 1. ARCHAEBACTERIA “ancient bacteria” Prokaryotic Unicellular Live in hostile environments Auto- and heterotrophic Reproduce by binary fission Can have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan Some have flagella

2. EUBACTERIA “true bacteria” Prokaryotic Unicellular Common today Cause disease/decay Found almost everywhere Auto- & heterotrophic Reproduce by binary fission Can have cell walls with peptidoglycan Can have flagella

*The archaebacteria and eubacteria used to be grouped together as MONERANS.

The Three-Domain System The domain is a more inclusive category than any other—larger than a kingdom. The three domains are: Eukarya, which is composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.

3. PROTISTA Eukaryotic Uni- & multicellular Auto- & heterotrophic “junk drawer” Some move, some don’t Can have cell walls with cellulose Examples-euglena, amoebas, giant kelp

4. FUNGI Eukaryotic Uni- & multicellular Heterotrophic…NO FUNGI DO NOT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD!!!!!!!! Don’t move Cell walls with chitin Examples-yeast, mushrooms, molds

5. PLANTAE Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Don’t move Cell walls have cellulose

6. ANIMALIA Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Some can move, but not all No cell walls

Use this chart for the basics…