Glenn A. Tapia, Director Office of Community Corrections Colorado Division of Criminal Justice Where did we leave off in November? … Summary of November CACCB Meeting … Some questions and things to think about for today

1960s &1970s 1970s &1980s 1980s &1990s 1990s & 2000s2000s & 2010s2020s

1970s 1980s 1990s 1990s (mid) 2000s 2010s

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic CommunityNon-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Intensive Residential Treatment Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Dual Diagnosis Intensive Residential Treatment Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Dual DiagnosisHigher Risk Offenders Intensive Residential Treatment Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Dual DiagnosisSex OffendersHigher Risk Offenders Intensive Residential Treatment Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Dual DiagnosisSex Offenders Higher Risk Offenders Intensive Residential Treatment Condition of ParoleNon-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Outpatient TCDual DiagnosisSex Offenders Higher Risk Offenders Intensive Residential Treatment Condition of ParoleNon-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Outpatient TCDual DiagnosisSex Offenders Higher Risk Offenders Condition of Probation Intensive Residential Treatment Condition of Parole Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Outpatient TCDual DiagnosisSex Offenders Higher Risk Offenders Housing for Homeless Parole Condition of Probation Intensive Residential Treatment Condition of Parole Non-Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Outpatient TCDual DiagnosisSex Offenders Higher Risk Offenders Housing for Homeless Parole Emergency Housing for Dually Diagnosed Condition of Probation Intensive Residential Treatment Condition of Parole Non- Residential

Residential Supervision of Diversion and Transition Felons Therapeutic Community Modified TC for Dually Diagnosed Outpatient TCDual DiagnosisSex Offenders Higher Risk Offenders Housing for Homeless Parole Emergency Housing for Dually Diagnosed Misdemeanor Drug Offenders Condition of Probation Intensive Residential Treatment Condition of Parole Non- Residential

THEN 1 in 10 placements were Specialized NOW 1 in 6 placements are Specialized

GROWTH AREAS

1970s & 1980s STARTUP More offenders More facilities Incentives to local jurisdictions to site a facility1990s ORGANIZATION & GROWTH Funding shift to DCJ Advisory Council Contracts Standards Auditing Data Collection2020s?2000s COMPLIANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY & GROWTH Audits Revised Standards Ranked Standards Risk Factor Analysis Technology and Data Systems2010s QUALITY? SCIENCE? DIVERSIFICATION? Evidence Based Practice Fidelity and Adherence Specialization Cost-Benefit vs Just Cost Savings Cultural Eras of Colorado Community Corrections LOCAL SUPPORT LOCAL CONTROL

 What was it like then?  30 years ago?  20 years ago?  10 years ago?  5 years ago?  What is it like now and is it noticeably different?  Has board decision making changed to fit present realities?

About Human Decision Making?

 Hundreds of Studies Over 50 Years  Human beings take mental short cuts when making decisions  Short cuts often a function of core belief systems and attitudes at the individual level  Often distorted or biased against or for a certain subject  Crime, and therefore criminal justice decisions are complex and involve many competing factors  Humans have difficulty in reliably balancing all the factors and variations across offenders  We make snap judgments due to our inherent inabilities to consider, weigh, and balance all the factors  These mental short cuts, become habits (cognitive habits) Nagy, Geraldine Moving Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice Forward: A Practitioners View. Justice Research and Policy. Volume 15. No 1.)

 General label for errors, biases and cognitive habits  They are automatic  They are sub-conscious  They are invisible to self-analysis  Allow us to act quickly and easily in complex decision making situations  Judgments of risk are especially prone to heuristic bias  We often INFER risk rather than objectively measure risk  Intuition is comfortable and familiar (but often inaccurate) Nagy, Geraldine Moving Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice Forward: A Practitioners View. Justice Research and Policy. Volume 15. No 1.)

 Cognitive Guiding (Structured Decision Making)  Actuarial tools are necessary, but insufficient to complete the job of decision making  Structured Decision Making uses risk information but allows us to avoid bias from re- entering the decision making process  Risk Assessment and Structured Decision Making are not independent, but rather interdependent processes than make up the EBDM framework Nagy, Geraldine Moving Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice Forward: A Practitioners View. Justice Research and Policy. Volume 15. No 1.)

Center for Effective Public Policy A National Perspective

actuarial tools to assess risks  Use good, empirically-based, actuarial tools to assess risks and needs of offenders evidence-based decision making practices  Develop and use clear, evidence-based decision making practices and tools that reflect the full range of an offender’s characteristics  Get out of the way of low risk offenders

 Law Enforcement  Law Enforcement – to guide arrest decision  Pre-Trial  Pre-Trial Release decisions  Jails, Corrections, Community Corrections  Jails, Corrections, Community Corrections making program or institutional placement decisions  Parole Board  Parole Board – release decisions  Supervising agencies  Supervising agencies – supervision levels, treatment levels, and violation decisions

 Using sound, valid, reliable risk assessment tools can substantially increase our accuracy at predicting certain risks when compared to using our clinical judgment alone.  Given the nature of our business, and the important consequences of your decisions, it makes sense to use tools that can assist you in evaluating certain relevant elements – such as risk.

Greg Mauro (City and County of Denver) Joel Bishop (Mesa County) Denver Board Decision Making Tool Mesa County EBDM Project

Criminal Justice Planners 17 th Judicial District (Adams) 18 th Judicial District (Arapahoe) 20 th Judicial District (Boulder)

SURVEY OF BOARD MEMBERS  History of Violence  Criminal History  Type of Current Offense  Escape History  Previous Revocations  Mandatory Release Date RECIDIVISM/DATA ANALYSIS  Strong relationship with outcomes  Risk/Need Assessment Scores  Employment Status  Education Level  Age  Modest or NO relationship with outcomes  Criminal History (Modest)  Mental Health (Modest)  Violence (No)  Type of Offense (Modest)

 Community Corrections has changed  Community Corrections has changed substantially in its 39 year existence higher risk/need  Offenders are higher risk/need than before and becoming more specialized  Success rates are declining  Success rates are declining while recidivism rates are holding relatively constant implement evidence based practices  Correctional programs are compelled to implement evidence based practices to change offender behavior researchopportunities to improve human decision making  The body of research provides opportunities to improve human decision making which is inherently limited in criminal justice settings EBDM) is available  Social science technology (EBDM) is available to aid decision making and is trending nationally Denver and Mesa  Local jurisdictions like Denver and Mesa and the Parole Board are taking affirmative action into EBDM

1. On a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the highest) how IMPORTANT is it for your community corrections PROGRAM to apply evidence- based practices, programs and principles with offenders? 2. On a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the highest) how IMPORTANT is it for your community corrections board to apply evidence-based decision making in your screening process? 3. On a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the highest), how WILLING is your board to apply evidence-based decision making in its screening processes? 4. On a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the highest), how CONFIDENT are you in your local jurisdictions ability to apply evidence-based decision making in its screening processes?