Literature Review: Long-term Management Option1 Long-term Management Options Experiences from around the world Cemare Diana Tingley

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option2 Basic concepts and information: Factors contributing to overexploitation and unsustainability Paths to solution Capacity management Cost of fisheries management Experiences of countries: Canada Australia Faroes Iceland New Zealand Outline

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option3 Basic Concepts and Information

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option4 Overexploitation and unsustainability Four components of sustainability: Bio-ecological; Economic; Social; Institutional Six factors of unsustainability Inappropriate incentives High demand for limited resource Poverty and lack of alternatives Complexity and lack of knowledge Lack of good governance Interactions of fisheries sector with other sectors and environment FAO/Japan 2003 International Workshop: on the Implementation of International Fisheries Instruments and Factors of Unsustainability and Overexploitation in Fisheries

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option5 Paths to solution 1.Inappropriate incentives 2.High demand for limited resource 3.Poverty and lack of alternatives 4.Complexity and lack of knowledge 5.Lack of good governance 6.Interactions of fisheries sector with other sectors and environment Factors of unsustainability Paths to solution Rights (1) Transparent, participatory management (1,2,5) Support – science, enforcement, planning (4,5) Benefit distribution (1,3) Integrated policy (1,3) Precautionary approach (4,6) Capacity building, public awareness (5) Market incentives (1,2)

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option6 Capacity management Fishing capacity management activities undertaken by Member States (source: FAO, 2004)

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option7 Incentive-blocking instruments Incentive-blocking programmes are only effective in reducing capacity in the short-term Limited entry programmes (i.e. days at sea) Buyback / decommissioning programmes Gear and vessel restrictions Aggregate quotas (i.e. TACs) Non-transferable vessel catch limits Individual effort quotas (IEQs) FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 433/1. Measuring and assessing capacity in fisheries. Basic concepts and management options. (2004).

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option8 If management is changed to allow a fisher to internalise the social cost of exploiting the resource – by establishing cooperatives, co-management or rights-based fisheries – the consequences of overcapacity in the form of overfished stocks should be corrected Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) Taxes and royalties - different to cost recovery Group fishing rights (i.e. community quotas/community-based management) Territorial use rights (i.e. Several/Regulating Orders) Incentive-adjusting instruments

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option9 Cost of management ‘Subsidies in the Fishing Sector in Third Countries: Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, Norway, Canada, USA, Korea and Japan.’ (Studies and Support Services Related to the Common Fisheries Policy Group 2, 1999, Lot 11).

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option10 Cost of management

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option11 Cost of management

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option12 Experiences of countries

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option13 Canada Overview collapse of Atlantic groundfish & decline in Pacific salmon increasing public awareness of marine health fisheries now use species/area licensing IQs/ITQs/IVQs for majority of groundfish/pelagics Impact huge sums of money spent restructuring and diversifying employment fishing capacity and demand still high as in 1992 slow recovery of groundfish stocks despite initial optimistic 3-4 yrs expected recovery

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option14 Canada Developments introduction of quotas in Pacific salmon hot topic 3 fishing interests: commercial, sports, ‘first-nation’ improved communication between scientists & fishers = improved compliance Fisheries Sustainable Development Strategy – ecosystems, improved stakeholder involvement, facilitation, shared decision-making. Relevance lessons to be learned from cod collapse much improved stakeholder dialogue

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option15 Australia Overview AFMA manages 20 Commonwealth fisheries >3nm State/Territory’s manage costal and rec. fisheries <3nm 20 ITQ fisheries (single species except south-east trawl) but majority managed using input controls public Fishery Management Plans & cost recovery Impact strict management some highly profitable fisheries in late 1990s tradeable access licences valuable assets concentration of ownership and entry-cost barrier

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option16 Australia Developments management highly participatory: incl. community, conservation & recreational interests increasing coastal sea area set aside for MPAs and restrictions to w.r.t biodiversity / recreational issues AFMA ‘one-off’ decommissioning planned for 2006: objective to reduce fleet by 50% overfishing / risk of overfishing / displacement from MPAs Relevance mix of fisheries, interest groups and management tools increasing role of environment

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option17 Faroes Overview disastrous stock collapse in early 1990s imposed system in 1994 ‘rejected’ by industry switch to tradeable days-at-sea instead of catch limits 1996 closed areas to protect stocks (e.g. spawning & juveniles) Impact industry management choice adopted Catch per day increased by 25-30% over Total Allowable Effort reduced 17% over 5 years cause = new investment, technical creep, input substitution

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option18 Faroes Developments system required many revisions over time 2005 government proposal on tighter effort transfer restrictions between industrial and artisanal fleet “The original intention was….. never that money should decide which groups would survive” (Min. of Fisheries & Maritime Affairs) Relevance isolated and small group of islands sector of huge importance to national economy reactive and speedy decisions about Total Allowable Effort solves problem of discards and improves reporting but introduces others problems (i.e. creep)

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option19 Iceland Overview cod fishery decline warning signals in 1976 effort quotas : encouraged ‘race-to-fish’ IVQs (limited transferability) 1984 full ITQs 1990 retrospective industry-funded decommissioning Impact collapse of groundfish stocks halted profitable, concentrated fleet explicit treatment of by-catch problem (discard ban, roll-over quota) disagreement over who should benefit from fishery

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option20 Iceland Relevance isolated island, but successful fishing sector sector of huge importance to national economy ability of Ministry to react quickly and independently ITQs and cost-recovery appear successful but arguments over who shares the economic benefits

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option21 New Zealand Overview license limits & other input controls led to excess capacity ITQs introduced in Fisheries Act – sustainable utilisation & strong environmental obligations Impact stocks, profit, investment increased jobs at sea down, but onshore jobs up strict enforcement system bycatch issues explicitly addressed (i.e. deemed value) criticism of complexity, but fishers pay for management

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option22 New Zealand Developments stakeholders want more control over their activities MoF developing ‘Fisheries Plans’ – co-mangement new / innovative options possible, tailored for individual fisheries, recreational interests included Strategy to Manage Environmental Effects of Fishing draft Marine Protected Area Strategy Relevance isolated island - few commercial interests in some fisheries but ITQs and cost-recovery appear successful incentives

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option23 Final thoughts?

Literature Review: Long-term Management Option24 Final thoughts incentives and good governance tailored solutions – not one size for all ‘whole’ system approach focus on the good examples fisheries are slow crisis? crisis can turn good if people think outside the norm risk management: robust, adaptive, flexible