Warm Up Answer the following questions based on the map, Revolutions in Europe, 1848 (p. 594): a. Which revolution site lies closest to the 40 degrees N latitude line? b. Which island has the southernmost revolution location? c. Name two sites of revolution in France. d. Name the kingdom located in southern Italy.

How did liberalism impact the revolutions of 1848? Essential Question How did liberalism impact the revolutions of 1848?

Reaction and Revolution

Old Order After the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders tried to restore the old order

Congress of Vienna Great Britain Austria Prussia Russia

Congress of Vienna Met in Sept. 1814 Led by Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria)

Congress of Vienna Principle of legitimacy Monarchs of royal families who ruled before Napoleon would have their thrones returned

Congress of Vienna Tried to balance the map of Europe so no one country became too powerful

Conservative Rule Against revolutions Favored obedience to political rulers Based on tradition and stability

Principle of Intervention Great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions Goal = restore the monarchy

Forces for Change in Europe Liberalism Nationalism

Liberalism People should be as free from government restraint as possible Protection of natural rights/civil liberties – guaranteed by a written document

Liberalism Favored government by a constitution Believed only men who owned property should have a right to vote

Nationalism Nation = community with common traditions, languages, customs People owe loyalty to the nation rather than the dynasty

Revolutions Beginning in 1830, conservative power in Europe began to break down

Belgium Broke with the Dutch Republic Became its own state in 1815

France 1848 – monarchy overthrown in another revolution Set up a republic Universal male suffrage – all men can vote

France 1848 – first president elected Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew)

German Confederation 38 independent German states Prussia and Austria were the strongest

Austrian Empire Led by a Hapsburg emperor Many small revolutions, crushed by the army