Earnings per Share and Retained Earnings C hapter 17 COPYRIGHT © 2010 South-Western/Cengage Learning Intermediate Accounting 11th edition Nikolai Bazley Jones An electronic presentation By Norman Sunderman and Kenneth Buchanan Angelo State University

2 1.Compute basic earnings per share (EPS). 2.Understand how to compute the weighted average common shares for EPS. 3.Identify the potential common shares included in diluted EPS. 4.Apply the treasury stock method for including share options and warrants in diluted EPS. 5.Calculate the impact of a convertible security on EPS. Objectives

3 6.Compute diluted EPS. 7.Record the declaration and payment of cash dividends. 8.Account for a property dividend. 9.Explain the difference in accounting for small and large dividends. 10.Understand how to report accumulated other comprehensive income. 11.Prepare a statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. Objectives

4 Earnings per Share While earnings per share (EPS) is one of the most-watched numbers in corporate America, the ability of a company to earn a profit does not always translate to the ability to pay a large dividend.

5 Earnings per Share For example, Microsoft chose to reinvest its earnings to fuel future growth until Eventually, Microsoft grew to a point where it could no longer sustain the growth rate and then it began paying dividends.

6  A corporation summarizes the components of its net income on its income statement, which are: –Income (loss) from continuing operations –Results from discontinued operations –Extraordinary gains or losses  A corporation also reports its earnings per share on its income statement. Earnings and Earnings per Share

7  For computing earnings per share, there are two types of corporate capital structures— simple and complex.  A simple capital structure is one that consists only of common stock outstanding.  A corporation with a simple capital structure is required to report basic earnings per share. Simple Capital Structure

8 Net Income – Preferred Dividends Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding Basic Earnings per Share $48,000 – $8,000 16,000 = $2.50 Disregard common stock dividends in calculating EPS. Lapan Corporation reports net income of $48,000, and declares and pays dividends of $8,000 on its preferred stock. It also declares and pays dividends of $12,000 on its 16,000 shares of common stock.

9 Since a corporation earns its net income over the entire year, the earnings relate to the common shares outstanding during the year. Weighted Average Shares

10 McTeal Corporation had 12,000 shares of common stock outstanding at the beginning of the year. On March 2, it issued 2,700 shares; on July 3, it issued another 3,300 shares, and on December 1, it reacquired 480 shares as treasury stock. Weighted Average Shares The nearest whole month is used. The nearest whole month is used. Months Shares Shares Fraction of Year Equivalent Are Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Whole Units January–February12,000×2/12=2,000 March–June14,700×4/12=4,900 July–November18,000×5/12=7,500 December17,520×1/12= 1,460 15,860 Total weighted average common shares = ×

Months Shares Shares Fraction of Year Equivalent Are Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Whole Units January–February5,000×12/12=5,000 10,000 Total weighted average common shares = × 11 Wallers Corporation begins operations in January 2010 and issues 5,000 shares of common stock that are outstanding during all of On December 31, 2010, it issues a two-for-one stock split. The two-for-one split is retroactive to January 1. 5,000 Weighted Average Shares ContinuedContinued

Months Shares Shares Fraction of Year Equivalent Are Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Whole Units January–February5,000×12/12=5, On May 27, 2011, Wallers Corporation issues 5,000 shares of common stock; on August 3, 2011, it issues a 20% stock dividend; and on October 5, 2011, it issues 2,000 shares of stock Data on 2011 Statement 5,000 × 200% × 120% = 12,000 equivalent whole units Weighted Average Shares × = ContinuedContinued

January–May10,000 June–July15,000 August–September18, Data on 2011 Statement Issued 5,000 shares Weighted Average Shares Months Shares Shares Fraction of Year Equivalent Are Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Whole Units = × Issued 20% stock dividend

Data on 2011 Statement Weighted Average Shares Months Shares Shares Fraction of Year Equivalent Are Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Whole Units January–May10,000 June–July15,000 August–September18,000 = × 18,000 12,000 Increases 20%

15 Weighted Average Shares 2011 Data on 2011 Statement Months Shares Shares Fraction of Year Equivalent Are Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Whole Units January–May12,000×5/12=5,000 June–July18,000×2/12=3,000 August–September18,000×2/12=3,000 October–December20,000×3/12= 5,000 16,000 = ×

16 Complex Capital Structure Many corporations have a more complex capital structure that includes outstanding convertible securities or contingent shares that could have a dilutive effect on earnings per share. These securities are referred to as potential common shares.

17 A corporation with a complex capital structure is required to report two earnings per share amounts on the face of its income statement. The two amounts are basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share. Diluted Earnings per Share

18 The amount for diluted earnings per share shows the earnings per share after including all potential common shares that would reduce earnings per share. Diluted Earnings per Share

19 To be included in the diluted earnings per share calculation, any potential common share must have a dilutive effect on earnings per share. Diluted Earnings per Share

20 Step 1: Compute the basic earnings per share. Step 2: Include dilutive stock options and warrants and compute a tentative diluted earnings per share (DEPS). Step 3: Develop a ranking of the impact of each convertible preferred stock and convertible bond on DEPS. Step 4: Include each dilutive convertible security in DEPS in a sequential order based on the ranking and compute a new tentative DEPS. Step 5: Select the lowest computed DEPS as the diluted earnings per share. Diluted Earnings per Share

21 Proceeds ($) Assumed Shares Reacquired (at average market price) Change (Incremental) in Shares + – Stock Options and Warrants Assumed Shares Issued =

22 1.Determine the average market price of common shares during the period. 2.Compute the shares issued from the assumed exercise of all options and warrants. 3.Compute the proceeds received from the assumed exercise by multiplying the shares issued by the option price [plus any unrecognized compensation cost (net of tax) per share]. 4.Compute the assumed shares reacquired by dividing the proceeds by the average market price. 5.Compute the incremental common shares. Treasury Stock Method

23 To illustrate Step 3 further, assume Plummer Corporation has compensatory stock options for employees to purchase 1,000 common shares at $18 per share outstanding the entire year, the average market price for the common stock during the year was $25 per share, and the unrecognized compensation cost (net of tax) was $2 per share. Treasury Stock Method ContinuedContinued

Assumed increment in common shares for computing diluted earnings per share Shares assumed issued from assumed exercise:1,000 Shares assumed reacquired: Proceeds Average Market Price Per Share = (800) Treasury Stock Method = 1,000 × ($18 + $2) $25 = $20,000 $25

25 Convertible bonds and convertible preferred stock are considered for inclusion in DEPS after stock options and warrants. Convertible Securities

26 If bonds were assumed to be converted into common stock, the numerator increases because net income would be larger since the interest expense (net of income taxes) for the converted bonds would not exist. Convertible Securities

27 Numerical Value Impact on Diluted Earnings Per Share Increase in Earnings per Share Numerator Increase in Earnings per Share Denominator 9% convertible preferred stock. Dividends of $5,400 were declared during the year. The preferred shares are convertible into 3,000 shares of common stock. $5,400 3,000 = $1.80 Security A Convertible Securities ContinuedContinued

28 Numerical Value Impact on Diluted Earnings Per Share Increase in Earnings per Share Numerator Increase in Earnings per Share Denominator 10% convertible bonds. Interest expense (net of income taxes) of $4,800 was recorded during the year. The bonds are convertible into 1,920 shares of common stock. $4,800 1,920 = $2.50 Security B Convertible Securities ContinuedContinued

29 Numerical Value Impact on Diluted Earnings Per Share Increase in Earnings per Share Numerator Increase in Earnings per Share Denominator 8% convertible preferred stock. Dividends of $8,000 were declared during the year. The preferred shares are convertible into 5,000 shares of common stock. $8,000 5,000 = $1.60 Security C Convertible Securities ContinuedContinued

30 Numerical Value Impact on Diluted Earnings Per Share Increase in Earnings per Share Numerator Increase in Earnings per Share Denominator 7% convertible bonds. Interest expense (net of income taxes) of $6,300 was recorded during the year. The bonds are convertible into 3,150 shares of common stock. $6,300 3,150 = $2.00 Security D Convertible Securities ContinuedContinued

Security C has the lowest impact on DEPS and is the most dilutive. It is the first convertible security (after options and warrants) to be included in DEPS (if dilutive). A$1.802 B$2.504 C$1.601 D$ Security Impact Order in Ranking Convertible Securities

32 Testing to Determine Whether a Convertible Security is Dilutive If the impact of the first ranked convertible security is less than the initial tentative DEPS, add the potential income to the numerator and the potential shares to the denominator and continue this procedure until the impact of the next convertible security is more than the previously computed tentative DEPS.

33 Earnings Shares Earnings Explanation (Adjustments) (Adjustments) Per Share = Format Basic earnings per share$xxxx÷xxx=$xxx Basic Increment in shares (options) xx DEPS 1 earnings and shares$xxxx÷xxx= $xxx DEPS 1 Savings in interest expense (bonds)xxx Increment in shares (bonds) xxx DEPS 2 earnings and shares$xxxx÷xxx=$xxx DEPS 2 Savings in preferred dividendsxxx Increment in shares from preferred stock xxx Diluted earnings and shares$xxxx÷xxx=$xxx Diluted Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share ÷

34 Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share

35 Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share Earnings Shares Earnings Explanation (Adjustments) (Adjustments) Per Share Net income$2,800 Less: Preferred dividends 800 Basic earnings per share$2,000÷900= $2.22 Basic ÷ =

36 Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share

37 Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share Earnings Shares Earnings Explanation (Adjustments) (Adjustments) Per Share = Net income$2,800 Less: Preferred dividends 800 Basic earnings per share$2,000÷900=$2.22 Basic Increment in shares (options) 85 DEPS 1 earnings and shares$2,000÷985= $2.03 DEPS 1 ÷

38 Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share

Security Impact Ranking Preferred $ × 4 = $ = $2.00 Bonds [($5,000 × 0.06) + $20] × (1 – 0.3) 5 × 32 = $ = $

40 Computation and Reporting of Diluted Earnings per Share The $2.00 impact on DEPS of the convertible preferred stock is more than $1.94; therefore, inclusion of the preferred stock in DEPS would be antidilutive. Earnings Shares Earnings Explanation (Adjustments) (Adjustments) Per Share = Basic earnings per share$2,000÷900=$2.22 Basic Increment in shares (options) 85 DEPS 1 earnings and shares$2,000÷985= $2.03 DEPS 1 Savings in interest expense (bonds)224 Increment in shares (bonds) 160 Diluted earnings and shares$2,224÷1,145=$1.94 Diluted ÷

41 When a corporation reports its basic and diluted earnings per share on its income statement, it also is required to make additional disclosures in the notes to its financial statements. Additional Disclosures

42 1.Identifies the amount of preferred dividends deducted to determine the income available to common stockholders. 2.Describes the potential common shares that were not included in the diluted earnings per share computation because they were antidilutive. 3.Describe any material impact on the common shares outstanding of transactions after the close of the accounting period but before the issuance of the financial report. Additional Disclosures These include a schedule or note which includes information that:

43 IFRS vs. U.S. GAAP Due to convergence efforts, IFRS and U.S. GAAP are similar in regard to computing and reporting basic and diluted earnings per share. However, the following differences do exist:  When using the treasury stock method, IFRS do not require a company to include any unrecognized compensation cost in the assumed proceeds from issuing the stock.  GAAP requires that any unvested contingently issuable shares be excluded from basic EPS calculations. IFRS has no such requirement.

44 IFRS vs. U.S. GAAP  For contracts that may be settled in shares or cash, if a cash settlement is presumed, U.S. GAAP requires an adjustment to earnings but IFRS do not.  Finally, because IFRS do not have the concept of extraordinary items, there is no EPS disclosure related to extraordinary items. Due to convergence efforts, IFRS and U.S. GAAP are similar in regard to computing and reporting basic and diluted earnings per share. However, the following differences do exist:

45  Cash  Property  Scrip  Stock  Liquidating  Cash  Property  Scrip  Stock  Liquidating Types of Dividends

46  Declared  Not larger than unrestricted retained earnings  Not paid on treasury stock  Other restrictions  Scrip  Declared  Not larger than unrestricted retained earnings  Not paid on treasury stock  Other restrictions  Scrip Dividend Considerations

47  The date of declaration  The ex-dividend date  The date of record  The date of payment There are four significant dates for a cash dividend. Cash Dividends

48 Date Accounting Procedures Date of Declaration Reduce Retained Earnings Increase Liabilities Memorandum Entry Cash Dividend Reduce Assets Reduce Liabilities Date of Record Date of Payment

49 Cash Dividends On November 2, 2010, the board of directors of Bay Corporation declares preferred dividends totaling $10,000 and common dividends totaling $20,000. These dividends are payable on December 14, 2010, to stockholders of record on November 23, November 2, 2010 Retained Earnings30,000 Dividends Payable: Preferred Stock10,000 Dividends Payable: Common Stock20,000

50 November 23, 2010 Memorandum entry: The company will pay dividends on December 14, 2010, to preferred and common stockholders of record as of today, the date of record. Cash Dividends On November 2, 2010, the board of directors of Bay Corporation declares preferred dividends totaling $10,000 and common dividends totaling $20,000. These dividends are payable on December 14, 2010, to stockholders of record on November 23, 2010.

51 Cash Dividends On November 2, 2010, the board of directors of Bay Corporation declares preferred dividends totaling $10,000 and common dividends totaling $20,000. These dividends are payable on December 14, 2010, to stockholders of record on November 23, December 14, 2010 Dividends Payable: Preferred Stock10,000 Dividends Payable: Common Stock20,000 Cash30,000

52 Everett Corporation has issued 10%, participating, cumulative preferred stock with a total par value of $20,000 and common stock with a total par value of $30,000. The preferred stock is two years in arrears. Everett Corporation declares a $9,000 dividend. Fully Participating Preferred Stock Dividends

53 Preferred Common 10% dividend to Preferred (10% × $20,000)$2,000 Common dividend (10% × $30,000)$3,000 Extra dividend proportionate to par values: Total to allocate$ 9,000 Allocated (5,000) Remainder [40% ($20,000 ÷ $50,000) to preferred, 60% ($30,000 ÷ $50,000 to common) $ 4,000 1,600 2,400 Dividends to each class of stock$3,600$5,400 Fully Participating Preferred Stock Dividends

54 Partially Participating Preferred Stock Dividends (up to 12%) Again, assume a $30,000 dividend. Preferred Common 10% dividend to Preferred (10% × $20,000)$2,000 Common dividend (10% × $30,000)$3,000 2% dividend on par of Preferred (2% × $20,000)400 2% dividend on par of Common (2% × $30,000)600 Remainder to common ($9,000 – $6,000 allocated) 3,000 Dividends to each class of stock$3,600$5,400

55 Occasionally, a corporation will declare a property dividend that is payable in assets other than cash. Property Dividends

56 The corporation typically uses marketable securities of other companies that it owns for the property dividend. Property Dividends

57 The corporation records a property dividend at the fair value of the asset transferred, and recognizes a gain or loss. Property Dividends

58 Asel Corporation declares a property dividend payable in held-to-maturity bonds of Bard Company. The bonds are carried on Asel Corporation’s books at a book value of $40,000 but their current fair value is $48,000. Property Dividends ContinuedContinued

59 Date of Declaration Investment in Bard Company Bonds8,000 Gain on Disposal of Investments8,000 Retained Earnings48,000 Property Dividends Payable48,000 Property Dividends Date of Payment Property Dividends Payable48,000 Investment in Bard Company Bonds48,000 ContinuedContinued $48,000 – $40,000

60 1.They receive no corporate assets. 2.Their percentage ownership does not change. 3.Theoretically the total market value of their investment will remain the same. 4.Future cash dividends may be limited because retained earnings is decreased by the amount of the stock dividend. Stockholders often view stock dividends favorably even though: Stock Dividends

61 What factors might enhance the perceived attractiveness of a stock dividend? Stock Dividends Stock Dividend

62 1.The stockholders may see the stock dividend as evidence of corporate growth. 2.The stockholders may see the stock dividend as evidence of sound financial policy. 3.Other investors may see the stock dividend in a similar light, and increased trading in the stock may cause the market price not to decrease proportionally. Stock Dividends ContinuedContinued

63 4.The corporation may state that it will pay the same fixed cash dividend per share, in which case individual shareholders will receive higher total future cash dividends. 5.The stockholders may see the market price decreasing to a lower trading range, making the stock more attractive to additional investors so that the market price may eventually rise. Stock Dividends

64 Retained Earnings Capital Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Par ValueFair Value Retained Earnings Capital Stock Stock Dividends Small (<20% or 25%) Large – + ++ –

65 Common stock, $10 par (20,000 shares issued and outstanding)$200,000 Additional paid-in capital180,000 Retained earnings 320,000 Total Stockholders’ Equity$700,000 Stockholders’ equity prior to the stock dividend: Stock Dividends

66 Ringdahl Corporation declares and issues a 10% stock dividend. On the date of declaration, the stock sells for $23 per share. Date of Declaration Retained Earnings46,000 Common Stock To Be Distributed20,000 Additional Paid-in Capital From Stock Dividend26,000 Small Stock Dividend 20,000 shares × 0.10 × $23 ParPar ContinuedContinued

67 Date of Issuance Common Stock To Be Distributed20,000 Common Stock, $10 par 20,000 Small Stock Dividend Ringdahl Corporation declares and issues a 10% stock dividend. On the date of declaration, the stock sells for $23 per share. ParPar

68 Common stock, $10 par (22,000 shares issued and outstanding)$220,000 Additional paid-in capital206,000 Retained earnings 274,000 Total Stockholders’ Equity$700,000 Stockholders’ equity prior to the stock dividend: Small Stock Dividend Note: Total remained the same

69 Ringdahl Corporation declares and issues a 40% stock dividend. On the date of declaration, the stock sells for $23 per share. Date of Declaration Retained Earnings80,000 Common Stock To Be Distributed80,000 Large Stock Dividend 20,000 shares × 0.40 × $10 ContinuedContinued Date of Issuance Common Stock To Be Distributed80,000 Common Stock, $10 par20,000

70 Common stock, $10 par (28,000 shares issued and outstanding)$280,000 Additional paid-in capital180,000 Retained earnings 240,000 Total Stockholders’ Equity$700,000 Stockholders’ equity prior to the stock dividend: Small Stock Dividend Note: Total is the same as the small stock dividend

Corporations are required to report a few events as either retrospective adjustments or prior period adjustments (restatements) of retained earnings. These include changes in accounting principles, a change in accounting entity, and corrections of errors of prior periods. 71 Prior Period Adjustments (Restatements)

72 Prior period adjustments and retrospective adjustments look the same. Changes in accounting principles are called retrospective adjustments and error corrections are called prior period adjustments. Prior Period Adjustments (Restatements)

73 To indicate that a certain portion of retained earnings is not available for dividends, a corporation may restrict (appropriate) retained earnings. A restriction (appropriation) of retained earnings means that the board of directors establishes a formal policy that a portion of retained earnings is unavailable for dividends. Restrictions (Appropriations) of Retained Earnings

74 Although not a required separate financial statement, many corporations include a statement of retained earnings in their financial statements. Statement of Retained Earnings

75 Retained earnings, as previously reported, January 1, 2010 Plus (minus): Prior period and retrospective adjustments (net of income tax effect) Adjusted retained earnings, January 1, 2010 Plus (minus): Net income (loss) Minus: Dividends (specifically identified, including per share amounts) Reductions because of retirement or reacquisition of capital stock Reductions because of conversion of bonds or preferred stock Retained earnings, December 31, 2010 Retained earnings, as previously reported, January 1, 2010 Plus (minus): Prior period and retrospective adjustments (net of income tax effect) Adjusted retained earnings, January 1, 2010 Plus (minus): Net income (loss) Minus: Dividends (specifically identified, including per share amounts) Reductions because of retirement or reacquisition of capital stock Reductions because of conversion of bonds or preferred stock Retained earnings, December 31, 2010 Statement of Retained Earnings

76  Unrealized increases (gains) or decreases (losses) in the fair value of investments in available-for-sale securities  Translation adjustments from converting the financial statements of a company’s foreign operation into U.S. dollars  Certain gains and losses on “derivative” financial instruments  Certain pension plan gains, losses, and prior service cost adjustments Other comprehensive income (loss) might include four items: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

77  On the face of its income statement  In a separate statement of comprehensive income  In its statement of changes in stockholders’ equity A corporation may report its comprehensive income (net of income taxes): Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

78 Stockholders’ Equity Section of a Corporate Balance Sheet  Contributed Capital (Paid-in Capital) –Preferred stock –Common stock –Additional paid-in-capital  Retained earnings  Accumulated other comprehensive income –Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale –Change in additional liability related to pensions –Certain gains and losses on derivative financial instruments –Amount from foreign currency translation adjustments and gains and losses from certain forward exchange contracts  Less: Treasury stock (at cost)  Total stockholders’ equity

79 Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity GAAP states: “…disclosure of changes in the separate accounts comprising stockholders’ equity (in addition to retained earnings) and of the changes in the number of shares of equity securities during at least the most recent annual fiscal period…is required to make the financial statements sufficiently informative.”

80 Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

81 IFRS vs. U.S. GAAP  Under IFRS, a corporation’s shareholders’ interests (the term used for stockholders’ equity) consists of two sections: (a) share capital and (b) other equity.  Many of the disclosures required under share capital are the same as those required under U.S. GAAP—for example, the number of shares authorized, issued, and outstanding, par value, reacquired shares and rights, preferences, and restrictions regarding dividends.  IFRS require disclosure of the “movement” in share capital accounts and other equity for the period.

82 C hapter 17 Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this electronic presentation is used with the permission of NVTech Inc.