Learning Goal 1 – Plant Classification Transition to Life on Land Early Adaptations – Vascular Tissue – Root and Shoot Systems - Nonvascular Plants Features – Mosses – Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails – Complex frond leaves – Gymnosperms Features – Modern Gymnosperms- Conifers – Angiosperms Features – Monocots – Eudicots –

Unit II Plants Learning Goal 1 Classify plants into their various groups.

Transition to Life on Land Early Adaptations Cuticle – an outer waxy layer that prevents water loss. Stomata – tiny passageways through cuticle-covered surfaces.

Lignin – A tough polymer that strengthens the walls of plant cells. Apical meristem – a region of unspecialized cells near the tips of shoots and roots that divide and differentiate to form all plant tissues.

Vascular Tissue Definition – Lignified, tube-like structures that branch throughout the plant body, conducting water and solutes. Xylem – Distributes water and dissolved minerals up through the plant from the roots. Phloem – Distributes sugars that are manufactured during photosynthesis in the leaves down through the plant.

Root and Shoot Systems Roots - structures that anchor a plant into the soil and absorb water and nutrients. They comprise a root system with a large surface area. Shoots – the above- ground portion of plants that consist of stems and leaves and function in absorption of light energy and carbon dioxide.

Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) Features Found in wet to moist habitats Flagellated sperm without vascular system No true roots, leaves, or stems Liverworts Hornworts

Mosses Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) Most resemble vascular plants. Ecological functions include soil production and primary producers in harsh conditions.

Seedless Vascular Plants (Pterophytes) Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails –V–Vascular seedless plants –A–Abundant during carboniferous as trees –F–Formed coal fossils (with lycophyta) Complex frond leaves –N–Node: Point on stem where leaf attaches –S–Sorus on fronds

Gymnosperms Features Naked seed plants Pollen grains produce nonmotile sperm –P–Pollination: Transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts, no water required Ovule –F–Female structure that produces eggs. –M–Modern gymnosperms are all woody species:

Cycads

Ginkgoes: One living species, Gingko biloba

Gnetophytes

Conifers - Woody reproductive cones - Most are evergreen (shed some but not all leaves each year) - Needle leaves - Many produce resin

Angiosperms (Anthophyta) Features Flowering plants with covered seeds Carpels (specialized leaves) protects ovules and seeds Flowers contain carpels at their center Fruit structure nourishes and disperses seeds

Coevolution with Animal Pollinators

Two Groups of Angiosperms Monocots (single cotyledon) Leaves have parallel veins Fibrous roots Flowers with petals in multiples of 3

Eudicots 2 cotyledons Leaves have branched veins Taproot system Flowers with petals in multiples of 4 or 5

LG 1 Vocab Terms 1.Cuticle – 2.Stomata – 3.Vascular Tissue – 4.Lignin – 5.Root/Shoot Systems – 6.Bryophytes – 7.Pterophytes – 8.Gymnosperms – 9.Angiosperms – 10.Monocots/Eudicots –