Percentage of sales approach: COMPUTERFIELD CORPORATION Financial Statements Income statementBalance sheet Sales$12,000C AC A $5000Debt$8250 Costs9,800FA $7000Equity$3750 Net Income$2,200Total$12000Total$

EFN and Capacity Usage Suppose COMPUTERFIELD is operating at 75% capacity: 1. What would be sales at full capacity? (1p) 2. What is the capital intensity ratio at full capacity? (1p) 3. What is EFN at full capacity and Dividend payout ratio is 25%?(ignore accounts payable) (1p) 1

Q 1:12,000/.75=16,000; Full capacity as % increase 16,000/12,000 = 1.33 Income statement Sales $12,000 Costs $9,800 N I $2,200 Ret earnings 2,200*.75=1,650 New ret earnings 1,650*1.33=2,195.5 There is no indication that any changes took place in % cost for the proforma income statement, we can get the same result by increasing RE or by creating proforma IS 13-2

New assets needed CA 5000*1.33=6,650 TA =6, ,650 capital intensity ratio at full capacity =13,650/16,000 = EFN =0 change in TA = 1650 which is less than the retained earnings, we can fully finance internally full capacity operation. 13-3

Statistics Average and std deviation of returns (2p) Z score for first year return (1p) 13- 4

16000; 33% increase in sales CA increase 1650 capital intensity =.8531 PriceReturnspercentage year 0102 year year year year Aver Std Z-sc

Percentage of sales approach: COMPUTERFIELD CORPORATION Financial Statements Income statementBalance sheet Sales$12,000C AC A $5000Debt$8250 Costs9,800FA $7000Equity$3750 Net Income$2,200Total$12000Total$

RETURN RISK AND THE SECURITY MARKET LINE Chapter 13

Chapter Outline Expected Returns and Variances of a portfolio Announcements, Surprises, and Expected Returns Risk: Systematic and Unsystematic Diversification and Portfolio Risk Systematic Risk and Beta The Security Market Line (SML)

Expected Returns (1) Expected returns are based on the probabilities of possible outcomes Expected means average if the process is repeated many times 9 Expected return = return on a risky asset expected in the future

Expected Returns (2) 10 ProbabilityExpected return Stock AStock B Boom0.220%15% Normal0.410%8% Recession-5%2% R A = R B = If the risk-free rate = 3.2%, what is the risk premium for each stock?

Variance and Standard Deviation (1) Unequal probabilities can be used for the entire range of possibilities Weighted average of squared deviations 11

Variance and Standard Deviation (2) Consider the previous example. What is the variance and standard deviation for each stock? Stock A Stock B 12

Portfolios The risk-return trade-off for a portfolio is measured by the portfolio expected return and standard deviation, just as with individual assets 13 Portfolio = a group of assets held by an investor Portfolio weights = Percentage of a portfolio’s total value in a particular asset

Portfolio Weights Suppose you have $ 20,000 to invest and you have purchased securities in the following amounts. What are your portfolio weights in each security? ◦ $5,000 of A ◦ $9,000 of B ◦ $5,000 of C ◦ $1,000 of D 14

Portfolio Expected Returns (1) The expected return of a portfolio is the weighted average of the expected returns for each asset in the portfolio You can also find the expected return by finding the portfolio return in each possible state and computing the expected value 15

Expected Portfolio Returns (2) Consider the portfolio weights computed previously. If the individual stocks have the following expected returns, what is the expected return for the portfolio? ◦ A: 19.65% ◦ B: 8.96% ◦ C: 9.67% ◦ D: 8.13% E(R P ) = 16

Portfolio Variance (1) Steps: 1. Compute the portfolio return for each state: R P = w 1 R 1 + w 2 R 2 + … + w n R n 2. Compute the expected portfolio return using the same formula as for an individual asset 3. Compute the portfolio variance and standard deviation using the same formulas as for an individual asset 17

Portfolio Variance (2) Consider the following information Invest 60% of your money in Asset A ◦ StateProbabilityAB ◦ Boom.570%10% ◦ Recession.5-20%30% 1. What is the expected return and standard deviation for each asset? 2. What is the expected return and standard deviation for the portfolio? 18

Solution: 19

Another Way to Calculate Portfolio Variance Portfolio variance can also be calculated using the following formula: Correlation is a statistical measure of how 2 assets move in relation to each other If the correlation between stocks A and B = -1, what is the standard deviation of the portfolio? 20

Solution: 21

Different Correlation Coefficients (1) Different Correlation Coefficients (1) 22

Different Correlation Coefficients (2) Different Correlation Coefficients (2)

Different Correlation Coefficients(3) 24

Possible Relationships between Two Stocks 25

Diversification (1) There are benefits to diversification whenever the correlation between two stocks is less than perfect (p < 1.0) If two stocks are perfectly positively correlated, then there is simply a risk- return trade-off between the two securities. 26

Diversification (2) 27

Expected vs. Unexpected Returns Expected return from a stock is the part of return that shareholders in the market predict (expect) The unexpected return (uncertain, risky part): ◦ At any point in time, the unexpected return can be either positive or negative ◦ Over time, the average of the unexpected component is zero 28 Total return = Expected return + Unexpected return

Announcements and News Announcements and news contain both an expected component and a surprise component It is the surprise component that affects a stock’s price and therefore its return 29 Announcement = Expected part + Surprise

Systematic Risk Risk factors that affect a large number of assets Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk Examples: changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, general economic conditions 30

Unsystematic Risk Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets Also known as diversifiable risk and asset-specific risk Includes such events as labor strikes, shortages. 31

Returns Unexpected return = systematic portion + unsystematic portion Total return can be expressed as follows: Total Return = expected return + systematic portion + unsystematic portion 32

Effect of Diversification Portfolio diversification is the investment in several different asset classes or sectors  Diversification is not just holding a lot of assets 33 Principle of diversification = spreading an investment across a number of assets eliminates some, but not all of the risk

The Principle of Diversification Diversification can substantially reduce the variability of returns without an equivalent reduction in expected returns Reduction in risk arises because worse than expected returns from one asset are offset by better than expected returns from another  There is a minimum level of risk that cannot be diversified away and that is the systematic portion 34

Portfolio Diversification (1) Portfolio Diversification (1) 35

Portfolio Diversification (2) 36

Diversifiable (Unsystematic) Risk The risk that can be eliminated by combining assets into a portfolio If we hold only one asset, or assets in the same industry, then we are exposing ourselves to risk that we could diversify away  The market will not compensate investors for assuming unnecessary risk 37

Total Risk The standard deviation of returns is a measure of total risk For well diversified portfolios, unsystematic risk is very small Consequently, the total risk for a diversified portfolio is essentially equivalent to the systematic risk 38

Systematic Risk Principle There is a reward for bearing risk There is no reward for bearing risk unnecessarily The expected return (and the risk premium) on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away 39

Measuring Systematic Risk Beta ( β) is a measure of systematic risk Interpreting beta: ◦ β = 1 implies the asset has the same systematic risk as the overall market ◦ β < 1 implies the asset has less systematic risk than the overall market ◦ β > 1 implies the asset has more systematic risk than the overall market 40

High and Low Betas High and Low Betas 41

Portfolio Betas Consider the previous example with the following four securities ◦ SecurityWeightBeta ◦ A ◦ B ◦ C ◦ D What is the portfolio beta? 42

Beta and the Risk Premium The higher the beta, the greater the risk premium should be The relationship between the risk premium and beta can be graphically interpreted and allows to estimate the expected return 43

Consider a portfolio consisting of asset A and a risk-free asset. Expected return on asset A is 20%, it has a beta = 1.6. Risk- free rate = 8%. 44

Portfolio Expected Returns and Betas 45 RfRf

Reward-to-Risk Ratio: The reward-to-risk ratio is the slope of the line illustrated in the previous slide ◦ Slope = (E(R A ) – R f ) / (  A – 0) ◦ Reward-to-risk ratio = If an asset has a reward-to-risk ratio = 8? If an asset has a reward-to-risk ratio = 7? 46

The Fundamental Result The reward-to-risk ratio must be the same for all assets in the market If one asset has twice as much systematic risk as another asset, its risk premium is twice as large 47

Security Market Line (1) The security market line (SML) is the representation of market equilibrium The slope of the SML is the reward-to- risk ratio: (E(R M ) – R f ) /  M The beta for the market is always equal to one, the slope can be rewritten Slope = E(R M ) – R f = market risk premium 48

Security Market Line (2) 49

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) The capital asset pricing model defines the relationship between risk and return E(R A ) = R f +  A (E(R M ) – R f ) If we know an asset’s systematic risk, we can use the CAPM to determine its expected return 50

CAPM Consider the betas for each of the assets given earlier. If the risk-free rate is 4.5% and the market risk premium is 8.5%, what is the expected return for each? SecurityBetaExpected Return A3.6 B.7 C1.7 D1.9 51

Factors Affecting Expected Return Time value of money – measured by the risk-free rate Reward for bearing systematic risk – measured by the market risk premium Amount of systematic risk – measured by beta 52