Kingdom Plantae Descended from Chlorophyta Green Algae Plant-like Protists Generalized Phylogenetic Relationship: Chlorophyta  Bryophyta  Seedless Vascular Plants  Gymnosperms  Angiospems

NOTE: You should be acutely aware of the phylogenetic progression from water to land in plants. Green Algae – live in freshwater Bryophyta – non-vascular plants so they are very small in size & live in moist environments Seedless vascular plants – ferns Still reside in moist, cooler environments Waxy covering protects from desiccation Gymnosperms (naked seeds) – Confers bear cones Angiosperms (Covered seeds) – fruits & flowers

Chlorophytes

Chlorophyta Life Cycle

Chlorophyta Life Cycle Notes Note the long time spent in the Haploid portion of the life cycle Mature cells are HAPLOID Gametes develop from mature cells when conditions are less desirable Opposite mating types pair off & cling together causing gamete fusion (syngamy)

Bryophytes First terrestrial autotrophs

Bryophytes First land plants – evolved from Chlorophytes Concerned with water loss since not living in water anymore 2 Adaptations to deal with water retention Waxy cuticle cover Gametes packaged in structures called gametangia Male gametangia called antheridia Female gametangia called archegonium Gametangia provide a protected structure for fertilization and development of the zygote

Bryophytes (page 2) Nonvascular plant The lack of vascularity & flagellated sperm = dependence on water Bryophytes live in damp areas Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Spend the majority of their life in the haploid gametophyte stage Rhizoids anchor the gametophyte Long single tubular cells Does not absorb water or nutrients like roots do

Bryophyte Life Cycle

Questions What is the phylogenetic progression in plants? Chlorophyta is in which Kingdom? What is the male gametangia called? What is the female gametangia called?

Seedless Vascular Plants Keep in Mind the transition from water to land as we progress through the rest of the phylogenetic relationships in plants. Xylem & Phloem – Plant vascularity Xylem transports water throughout the plant and takes minerals from the soil to the photosynthetic areas of plants Phloem transports sugar and nutrients to the various plant structures Vascularity developed as plants needed to be tall for photosynthesis, but also needed to uptake water & nutrients from the soil

Evolutionary Changes 1. Gametophyte  Sporophyte as the dominant generation of the life cycle 2. Development of branched sporophytes – increases the number of spores produced 3. The dominant generation is the sporophyte in seedless vascular plants (Have I said this enough?)

Hetero vs. Homo Major Seedless plants are ferns Ferns are homosporous Homosporous means single spore production that gives rise to bisexual gametophytes Heterosporous – 2 spore types Some produce male gametophyte (microspores) Some produce female gametophytes (macrospores)

Seedless Plants Life Cycle

Seed Pants Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms Gymnosperms 3 Major evolutionary changes in gymnosperms Further decrease in prominence of the gametophyte generation Pollination Evolution of the seed (Duh!)

Seed Plants Continued Seeds Package that contains an embryo Provides protection for the developing embryo Also contains nutrition for the embryo Heterosporous Sperm is transported through pollen Not all have pollen, some have motile sperm Conifers – produce reproductive structures called cones Pine trees, firs, cedars, & redwoods Evergreens & survive well in dry environments

From Ovule to seed

Gymnosperm Life Cycle

Angiosperms Fruits & Flowers (there is a joke here somewhere!) Most numerous plant division 2 Major classes- Monocots & Dicots Monocots have 1 cotyledon (structure that nourishes the developing plant) Dicots have 2 cotyledons Xylem adaptations Gymnosperms = tracheid cells, but angiosperms have vessel elements (more efficient)

Flowers

Flower structures Male Stamen – male structure composed of anther that produces pollen Female Carpel – consists of ovary, style, and stigma Stigma is the sticky part that receives the pollen Style is the pathway to the ovary Petals – structures that serve to attract pollinators

Angiosperm Life Cycle

Major Evolutionary trends Dominant sporophyte generation to gametophyte generation Nonvascular  Vascular Seedless  Seeds Motile sperm  pollen Naked seeds  seeds in flowers

Kingdom Fungi Heterotrophic & Eukaryotic Important in the ecosystem as decomposers Cell walls composed of chitin Extracellular digestion of food by hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus, then the nutrients are absorbed into the fungus’s body by diffusion Yeast, Mold, & Mushrooms

Fungal Morphology

Fungi Built from filamentous structures called hyphae Hyphae form meshes of branching filamentous structures called mycelium Mycelium absorbs food for the fungus Two basic types of fungi Those with septae (divide hyphae filaments into different compartments Those without septae (coenocytic)

Hyphal septae

Fungal life Cycle Predominantly haploid

Questions 1. Most fungi are autotrophic – True/False? 2. Most fungi are unicellular or multicellular? 3. What is the different about coenocytic fungi? 4. What is the cell wall component in fungi? 5. Fungus life cycle is predominantly haploid or diploid?

Fugus Amongus 1. Zygomycota -- Coencytic & land-dwelling -- Bread mold -- Reproduce sexually 2. Basidiomycota -- Club-shaped -- Decompose wood

Zygomycota

Basidiomycota -- The mushroom-like structure is the basidiocarp -- Basidiocarp is an elaborate fruiting body used for sexual reproduction

Fungus Amongus 3. Ascomycota Saprobic Part of lichens – symbiotic association with green algae or cyanobacteria Fungus provides protection and provides water to the algae Algae provides the food (sugar from photosynthesis)

Ascomycota Lichens

Lichen Anatomy

Molds & Yeasts General descriptions of fungi Molds Asexual & quick growing Deuteromycota – imperfect fungi Yeasts Unicellular fungi Candida – causes yeast infections in humans

Candidiasis