Kingdom Notes

Classification of Living Things 6 Kingdoms All living organisms Archaebacteria* Eubacteria* Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia * Used to be classified together in the Kingdom Monera

Organisms are organized into these kingdoms by their traits and their evolutionary development Type and # of cells Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Single-celled or multi-cellular Characteristics of cells Type of cell wall/membrane Types of organelles they have How they get energy Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular (very simple cells) Heterotrophs Live in extremely harsh conditions (like Earth’s original atmosphere) Ex. Sulfolobus –thrive in the host sulfur springs of Yellowstone Scientists theorize that these are similar to the bacteria that first evolved on Earth. They have fewer organelles than other bacteria.

Eubacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular (more complex cells) Heterotrophs or Autotrophs (can be parasitic, decomposers, or producers) Ex. Clostridium- causes a form of food poisoning called Botulism Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were originally part of the same kingdom, called Monerans. After a lot of study on these organisms, scientists decided that there are enough differences between them to put them in separate kingdoms.

How bacteria affect humans Harmful effects: Parasites on humans, crops, animals (cause diseases) Decompose our food Helpful effects: Used in industry – help make rope, leather, yogurt, cheese, etc… Decompose wastes in ecosystem Mutualistic relationship with humans – live on our skin to kill other attacking parasites, live in our intestines and help breakdown our waste

Protista Eukaryotes Unicellular (few multi-cellular algae) Heterotrophs or Autotrophs Most Structurally Diverse Plasmodium Euglena AmoebaDiatoms

Fungi Eukaryotes Mostly Multicellular Hetertrophic Important Decomposers Recycle Nutrients Some are Parasitic Examples of Fungi: Mushrooms Molds Yeast Mildews Yeast Mold

Plant Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophic Responsible for all of life’s food Lack mobility Cell wall made of Cellulose Divided into two major groups – Nonvascular and Vascular

Examples: mosses, trees, and flowering plants

Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs Have mobility (except adult sponges) No cell wall Divided into two major groups – Invertebrate and Vertebrate Ex. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds

There are 9 major phyla of animals: 1.Porifera 1.Found only in water 2.Body has holes for feeding 3.Simplest phylum 2.Cnidarian 1.Radial symmetry 2.Have stinging tentacles 3.Platyhelminthes 4.Nematodes 5.Annelids 6.Mollusks 1.Soft body with tentacles 2.May have a hard shell 3.Has simple organ systems Sponges Stinging-celled (jellyfish, coral) Flat worms (ie: tapeworms) –bilateral symmetry Round worms (ie: hookworms and pinworms) Segmented worms (ie: earthworm) –segmented body Soft-bodied (clams, octopi…)

7. Arthropoda Have exoskeleton Have jointed appendages Largest Phylum 8.Echinoderms 1.Redial Symmetry 2.Spiny skin 3.Can regenerate 9.Chordates 1.Internal skeleton 2.Spinal cord Includes all Insects, Crayfish, Lobsters, etc. Sea Stars (starfish), Sea cucumbers, Sand dollars All living things with a backbone…

Phylum Chordata divided into 7 Classes: 1.Jawless fish (Agnatha) 2.Cartilage fish (Chondrichthyes) 3.Bony fish (Osteichthyes) 4.Amphibians (Amphibia) 5.Reptiles (Reptilia) 6.Birds (Aves) 7.Mammals (Mammalia)