Figure 30.1 Three variations on gametophyte/sporophyte relationships

Figure 30.2 From ovule to seed

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Charophyceans Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Figure 30.5c Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba

Figure 30.6 Phylum Cycadophyta: cycads

Figure 30.7c Phylum Gnetophyta: Ephedra

Figure 30.8b Phylum Coniferophyta: Sequoia

Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 3)

Figure 30.10 A closer look at pine cones (Pinus sp.)

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Charophyceans Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Figure 30.11 Representatives of major angiosperm clades

Figure 30.12 Xylem cells in angiosperms

Figure 30.13a The structure of a flower

Figure 30.15 Relationship between a pea flower and a fruit (pea pod)

Figure 30.16 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal: Red berries (left), dandelion (right)

Table 30.1 Classification of Fleshy Fruits

Figure 30.17 The life cycle of an angiosperm

HYPOTHETICAL TREE OF FLOWERING PLANTS Amborella trichopoda Water lily (Nymphaea “Rene Gerard”) Star anise (Illicium floridanum) BASAL ANGIOSPERMS HYPOTHETICAL TREE OF FLOWERING PLANTS MAGNOLIIDS Amborella Water lilies Star anise and relatives Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)

Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose Orchid (Lemboglossum rossii) Monocot Characteristics Embryos Leaf venation Stems Root Pollen Flowers Pollen grain with one opening Root system Usually fibrous (no main root) Vascular tissue scattered Veins usually parallel One cotyledon Two cotyledons netlike usually arranged in ring Taproot (main root) usually present three openings Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo), female (left) and male flowers Pea (Lathyrus nervosus, Lord Anson’s blue pea), a legume Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose Pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii) Lily (Lilium “Enchant- ment”) Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a grass Anther Stigma California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) Floral organs usually in multiples of three Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Filament Ovary Eudicot MONOCOTS EUDICOTS

Figure 30.18 Flower-pollinator relationships: Scottish broom flower and honeybee (left), hummingbird (top right), baobab tree and bat (bottom right)

Table 30.2 A Sampling of Medicines Derived from Plants