Part IV: Global Interactions 1450C.E.-1750C.E. AP World History Mr. Parks

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange Intensification of existing regional trade networks Brought some prosperity, other disruption in trade: Indian Ocean Sahara Mediterranean Overland Eurasia

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange Advance in European cartography, based on prior advances: Classical world Islamic World East Asia Transoceanic travel now possible New tools and ship design Astrolabe Better maps The Caravel

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange Remarkable new maritime reconnaissance: China: voyages of Zheng He Portugal: West Africa  global empire Spanish: Columbus increases interest in transoceanic travel North Atlantic voyages continued to spur interest in route to Asia Oceania and Polynesia least affected Less reconnaissance by Europeans in Pacific

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange Global Economy fueled by silver from Americas European merchants mostly trade goods between Asian nations Mercantilism and Joint Stock Companies Atlantic System Movement of goods, wealth, free/unfree labor Mixing of African, American, and European culture

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange The Columbian Exchange Europeans spread disease to the Americas American foods brought back to Europe Potatoes, maize Cash Crops grown of plantations Sugar, tobacco Plants, crops, domesticated animals brought to America by Europeans, Africans Pigs, cattle, rice Nutrition rises as a result in Afro-Eurasia Deforestation and soil depletion in the Americas

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange Increase and intensification of interactions expanded the spread and reforms of major religions Islam spread through Afro-Eurasia, adapted along the way Christianity spreads world-wide, diversified by Reformation Buddhism spread within Asia Some new forms of religion develop Ex. Sikhism in South Asia

Global Networks of Communication and Exchange Merchant and Gov’t profits up, increased support for arts, etc. Artistic innovation seen around the world Renaissance art in Europe Woodblock printing in Japan Literacy expanded, prolific authors, new forms of artistic expressions Works of Shakespeare, Cervantes Kabuki in Japan

+ New Forms of Social Organization, Modes of Production Peasant agriculture increased, plantations grew, demand for labor went up Peasant labor increased in Russia Cotton textile peasant production in India Silk textile peasant production in China Slavery from Africa continued, spread Demand for slaves up in Americas, b/c of plantations Colonial economies depended on coerced labor Slavery, encomienda system

+ New Forms of Social Organization, Modes of Production New social and political elites Creoles in New Spain Manchus in China Restructuring of ethnic, gender, racial hierarchies Demographic change in Africa (less men) Mestizo and Mulatto in New World

STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION Rulers used varied methods to legitimize power Use of the arts Courtly literature, monumental architecture Religious basis for rule European Divine Right Mesoamerican human sacrifice Different treatment of ethnic groups Maximize what the contribute, limit their power Muslims  non-Muslims, Manchus  Chinese Bureaucratic elites or Professional Militaries Chinese Civil Service Exam Paid Samurai

STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, local resistance all challenge Empires Competition for control of India Ocean Lanes State Rivalries: Ottoman-Safavid conflicts European Thirty Years War Local Resistance: Food riots Samurai rebellions

STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION Increased reliance on use of gunpowder, armed trade European trading posts in Africa, Asia Dramatic expansion of land Empires Ottoman, Mughal, Russian, Manchu China Extensive Maritime Empires develop Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, English