Week 12/13 This Adventure Called Canada Building

Final Exam April 19, Friday, 7 PM BSB 137 Snow date? Accessories – pencil, eraser Format – MC + Short Answer Content – Ch 4, 5, 6, 8, 12+ class material

Canada Building: Challenges and Goals Goals Challenges Accomplishments Gaps 21 st century challenges

Trends in R.E.A. Relations P From exclusion to inclusion - white man British Canada …..to cosmopolitan kaleidoscope* - from white male rights….to human rights - from tightly scripted ….openness, ambiguities, contested - from minorities/diversity in margins….to centre - from diversity as incompatible with good governance …. to diversity as necessary for good governance - from unitary citizenship to inclusive/customized citizenship - from modern nation-state to postmodern/postnational notion-state

Future Trends From monocultural to multiculturalism toward multiversalism (diversities within diversity) as governance model a)The Canadian Way: Canada’s Difference Model b)Rethinking Citizenship c)Religion in Society d)Canada as Postnational Society

Canada’s Difference Model: Differential Accommodation or Accommodating Different Ways of Accommodating Differences Aboriginal PeoplesCharter Groups (Quebec)Multicultural Minorities (Immigrants/refugees) * Forcibly incorporated * Get out * Language of nationhood, self determining autonomy, etc Forcibly incorporated Get out Language of nationhood etc. Voluntary Get in Language of inclusity, removal of discriminatory barriers, level playing field.

Citizenship in Canada 1947 Act = first in world 85 percent become Canadian citizens Types of Citizenship - ethnic + naturalization (ethnic vs civic nationalism) Components of Citizenship = - legal rights (transaction) - social rights (social citizenship – belonging etc)

Customizing Citizenship Unitary CitizenshipInclusive Citizenship One size fits all Legal rights * Unitary + Customized entitlements - equity - mc - self determining - transmigrants

Human Rights Revolution 1948 Revolution - extended to all by virtue of being human - may supersede state sovereinty - basis of new global order - leverage for oppressed/marginalized - measuring stick for judging government actions/inactions Recurrent debates - real vs ideal - state vs human rights - individual vs collective rights - universality?

Major inclusivity challenge for 21 st century Religions Mattered Didn’t Matter Matters Now - heart of many conflicts - source of intl migration - source of meaning in a changing world

Paradoxes of Religious Diversity in Canada Canada = more secular yet religiously diverse Religious diversity struggle to fit, Taken seriously/respected Expressed in public Taking into account (accommodations) yet …. - intolerance/prejudice - ‘residue’ of Christianity in secular Canada Easter weekend – universities – office of rel free in FA * Canada = Judeo-Christianized (just as racialized/gendered)

Religiosity in Canada Religion diversity in an official MC (2017 est) - Islam (1.4 M), - Hindu, (600,000), - Sikh (500,000), - Buddhism ( ) % Christian (75% in 2006) - 21% no religion (17%) - 14% non Christian religions (8%) * ACS study in Nov 2012 – 36% attached to religion - 61% say religion is divisive

Challenges of Accommodating Religion “Secular” Canada/ Secularization Thesis ( 1) decline as opiate of the masses - negative media coverage (2) separation of religion/state (2) no official religion (3) private (3) place of religion in a secular Canada? (4) Govt framing of religion as voluntary organization

What should be the place of religion in Canadian Society? Strict separation of religion/state - religion only in private realm No separation of state and religion - an official state backed religion All religions in public domain - helix model One religion prevails, others accommodated - orbit model

challenges Where to draw the line? Accommodation- should Universities provide prayer space for Muslim students? Multipurpose or dedicated? Valley Park Middle School Crisis - how much accommodation can be tolerated Public funding of private religious schools (ontario 2007) Balancing Freedom of religion with constitutional rights

Challenge Ontario Education Act - Boards cannot persons to conduct religious exercises - cannot provide religious instructions that includes indoctrination TDSB - obligation to accommodate faith needs Valley Park Middle School/mostly Muslim students - crisis of midday prayers at local mosque - solution = prayer session in cafeteria lead - crisis of gender as young girls segregated

Prospect for Future Living together with religious diversity Freedom of religion/no religion-based discrim Rethink Secularism to make it consistent with religious diversity May need to rethink private/public secular/sacred

Canada as Post-national Society P 371 From Modern Nation-state - a finished project - singularity of purpose - modernist bias - pretend pluralism To Postmodern nations-state (+ postnationNOTION-state) - ongoing project - multiversality - taking differences serious

Towards a PostNational Canada Modern Nation-StatePostmodern Nations-state + Postmodern Notion-state = Postnational Canada Society striving to be complete Coherent and singular nation (universal model of belonging + entitlement Equate nation with state(national identity + peoplehood) All encompassing narrative (we are one people) One way adjustment (our way) Conformity and standardization (treat everyone the same) Centralized, hierarchy Making society safe from diversity A pretend pluralism Canada as multiplicities Canada as nations within Multiple voices / Multiversality Two way, mutual adj., reasonable accommodation Inclusivity Making society safe for diversity Taking differences seriously

A Mindset for the 21 st Century Monocultural Mindset vs MC/MV Mindset Singular perspective Multiple Judgemental contingent Rigid/inflexible flexible open Egocentric altrucentric

Is Canada Doing it Right? Multiculturalism Model INCLUSIVITYNo one excluded because of ethnicity EQUALITY + AS EQUALSEveryone = equal treatment + Differential treatment when necessary REDISTRIBUTION + SOCIAL JUSTICE Removing disadvantage/barriers (its about the mainstream) based on need Depoliticizing differences INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIVENESSTwo way process of mutual adjustment + Reasonable accommodation RECOGNITION, WITHIN LIMITS Not celebrating but respecting diffs Not all cultures equal or anything goes Differences cannot break law, violate rights, or contravene core constit value You can be Lithuanian but in Canada INDIVIDUAL RIGHT TO CHOOSENot promote group/minority right but…. PARTICIPATIONNot withdraw but share + involvement CANADA BUILDINGGovernance: citizens, comm(unity)(itment

Last words… Verdict on Canada’s race, ethnic, Aboriginal relations? - not perfect - the right imperfections - least imperfect