: The World at War Ch : The World at War Ch. 27

1. Bismarck System of Alliances  3 Emperor’s League (1873)  Austria  Russia  Germany  Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty ( 1887)  Triple Alliance (1882)  Italy  Germany  Austria

2. Germany changes strategy  Willliam II fires Bismarck  William terminates German- Russian Reinsurance Treaty  Russians form new treaty with France

The British Empire in 1914

3. Why end of German- British “natural alliance”?  Boer War  Germany envy of English Empire  Economic and military rivalry

Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Anglo-French Entente  British join with Japan and the French to form new alliance  Germany feels threatened and pushes for more territory in Africa

5. Algeciras Conference  Germany asks for international conference over question of Morocco  Germany receives no territory because English and French hang together  Germany feels left out

Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

6. Problems in the Balkans  Serbian nationalism increases  Serbia looks towards Russia for help  Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovinia ( Serbia’s neighbors )  Serbia attacks and conquers old Ottoman Empire to the south

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

The Balkan Wars:

7. Berlin Conference gives relief  Austria-Hungary given rights to Bosnia and Herzegovinia  Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria get independence  Ottoman Empire retains control on some territory as buffer to Austria-Hungary and Russia

The Balkan Wars:

8. Why Serbia and Austria- Hungary Bad Blood?  Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovinia  Serbia’s partnership with Russia  Assassination of A-H Arch- Duke Francis Ferdinand blamed on Serbians

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

9.Differing Viewpoints  Diplomacy failed  Austria desperate  Austria-Hungary “used” by Germany  Germany used war to hide domestic problems  Nationalism

Who’s To Blame?

Aggressive Nationalism

Europe in 1914

The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

Recruitment Posters

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

10. Schlieffen Plan  Germany attacks France through Belgium  British come to aid of Belgians and slow Germans

The Schlieffen Plan

Europe in 1914

11. Why a Stalemate? A “ War of Attrition ”

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

13. Developments  Entire generation of men lost  Split develops between veterans and civilians  Russia invades Germany (eastern front) and loses 2.5 million soldiers  Germany and Austria-Hungary defeat Russia and Serbia  Italy switches sides with promise of Austrian territory  British, French and Japanese seize German colonies  U. S. enters war in 1917

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

14. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

15. Back Home  Nationalism- “our country is the best!”  Rationing-products needed for war effort are limited availability  Wage Controls- salaries kept artificially low  Price Controls- suppliers are not allowed to raise prices  Socialism-government takes greater control of economy

 Universal Draft- everyone must serve in the armed forces  Military Control- the armed forces and not civilians control the government  Labor Shortages- fewer workers mean unions become stronger  Social Equality- war evens the plain  Propaganda- information meant to convince the people that the war is just

“ Art ” of World War I

German Atrocities in Belgium

Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles,

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The “ Colonial ” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

World War I Casualties 320,518 Americans are killed, wounded or taken prisoner. Almost half of the dead are victims of the flu pandemic

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197, Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

The Russian Revolutions

16. Liberal Hopes  Exposure to Western ideas would bring about democratic reform  Only changed in the short term

17. Why the Tsar fell  Huge losses in the world war- 2.5 million- after loss to Japan  Weak leadership  Rasputin scandal  Food shortages  Bloody Sunday

18. Downfall of Provisional Government  Russian has freest democratice country in the world temporarily under Kerensky  Government mistakes – Postponed land reform – Continued with WWI – Shared power with the Petrograd ( communists )

19. Lenin’s (leader of Bolsheviks) Beliefs  Revolution is necessary to destroy capitalism  Intellectual elite must lead  Mensheviks believed in democratic govt. led by the masses

20.Trotsky takes action  Trotsky ( follower of Lenin ) centered power in the Petrograd  Bolsheviks – control military – Have superior leaders – Appealed to workers and soldiers – Allowed peasants to seize land – Allowed workers to take over factories  Russian withdraws from WWI – but loses western territories

21. Russian Civil War  And in this Corner….the White Army – The white army was made up of anybody who did not approve of Lenin – They were given support by many outsiders, but could not beat the Red Army and their leader Leon Trotsky  Civil War very deadly – 14 million Russian’s died in 3 years – Red Army won Significance- Bolsheviks were able both to seize power and maintain it!

22. Why Germans Lost  People weary of war  American relief  Soldiers and workers demonstrate for peace  The Jews! ( or so said Hitler )

23. The Treaty of Versailles

23. Results of Versailles Treaty  France trades demands for land for alliance with England and USA  Germany loses land in Africa and Europe  Germany admits guilt, limits army and must pay mucho $$$$  Austria Hungary and Ottoman Empire cease to exist  Wilson arranges Plan for Peace – Fourteen Points Secret treaties, armies and navies, colonial claims, changing borders, League of Nations Self determination

24. Controversy over Troubled Treaty USA prefers to remain isolated and does not want alliances in Europe USA turns down treaty in the Senate Italy and Japan unhappy over gains Colonies did not cash in on war League is too weak England also turns down alliance so France feels betrayed