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Search & Rescue Operations “Sharing the Airspace”

Brought To You By: 39th Rescue Squadron 301st Rescue Squadron Orlando FSDO-15

Location Col. Bruce E. Davis (Commander) 920th Rescue Group Patrick AFB Web Page: http// FAA Safety Center 28th parallel

Overview Civilian SAR OperationsCivilian SAR Operations SARSATSARSAT HC-130 and HH-60 “Blackhawk” SAR OpsHC-130 and HH-60 “Blackhawk” SAR Ops Space Shuttle Recovery (SRT) Ops.Space Shuttle Recovery (SRT) Ops. Night Vision Goggles (NVG)Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Pararescue (PJ) ProceduresPararescue (PJ) Procedures Low-level flying in FloridaLow-level flying in Florida

Civilian Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations Lt Col (ret) Bob Raskey

SAR Stages AwarenessAwareness Initial ActionsInitial Actions PlanningPlanning OperationsOperations Mission conclusionMission conclusion

SAR Stages AwarenessAwareness

Awareness Flight Service Station (FSS)Flight Service Station (FSS) Air Traffic Control (ATC)Air Traffic Control (ATC) ELT/SARSATELT/SARSAT Dispatch OperationsDispatch Operations Friends and FamilyFriends and Family

After 30 minutes initial search begins:After 30 minutes initial search begins: –FAA Flight plan route (most effective) –Phone search to FBO’s at destination and enroute airports. –Check phone numbers on the flight plan. –Coordinate with Air Traffic Control (ATC). –Contact Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) to start SAR procedures. Flight Service Station (FSS)

Air Traffic Control (ATC) Radar/Comm. loss without pilot termination:Radar/Comm. loss without pilot termination: – could be treated as a possible SAR emergency – cancel radar services when no longer needed.

Cospas-Sarsat “Saving Lives Via Satellite”

United States Mission Control Center

Mission Control Center (MCC) USMCC Suitland, MD U.S. LUTs Foreign MCCs Foreign LUTs U.S. RCCs SPOCs Foreign MCCs

Cospas-Sarsat System

Polar Orbiting Satellites Altitude ~ 600 miles u Altitude ~ 600 miles u Orbital Period ~ 100min. u Speed ~ mph. u Doppler shift SARSAT Satellites: u SARSAT Satellites: MHz Repeater 243 MHz Repeater 406 MHz Processor u COSPAS Satellites MHz Repeater 406 MHz Processor

Geostationary Satellites No Doppler Processing u No Doppler Processing u Immediate Alerts u 406 MHz Only u Immediate Alerting and Locating Possible with Location Protocol Beacons

Cospas-Sarsat Rescue Timeline Beacon Satellite LUT MCCRCC Best Case 8 min. 6 min. 1 min. 1 min. Worst Case 90 min. 10 min. 10 min. 1 min. 112 min. 16 min.

Cospas-Sarsat System

Locator Beacon Types ELT (Emergency Locator Beacon) EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) PLB (Personal Locator Beacon) 406 Mhz Only406 Mhz Only Portable/manualPortable/manual 121.5/406.0 MHz121.5/406.0 MHz 406 MHz (6 hours)406 MHz (6 hours) Phase out MhzPhase out Mhz /406 Mhz121.5 /406 Mhz Fail rate 75%Fail rate 75% False alarm rate 97%False alarm rate 97%

EPIRB

121.5 MHz ELT 12 nm radius 452 sq. nm search area ave. 6 hour notification 406 MHz ELT 2 nm radius 12.5 sq. nm search area ave. 1 hour notification 406 MHz ELT w/ GPS 0.05 nm radius sq. nm search area est. 5 min. notification Range of Beacons

ELT Operations TestingTesting –Avionics shop –Aircraft operational test 121.5/ /243.0 First five minutes after any hour, 3 audible sweepsFirst five minutes after any hour, 3 audible sweeps airborne test not authorizedairborne test not authorized False alarmsFalse alarms –monitor on comm reciever after shutdown, in flight, mx action, hard landingafter shutdown, in flight, mx action, hard landing Inflight monitoring (ELT signal first heard)Inflight monitoring (ELT signal first heard) note position, time, altitude, nearest nav-aidnote position, time, altitude, nearest nav-aid

An Air Force review of 325 SAR missions found that time works against people who experience a distress and are not on a flight plan, since 36 hours normally pass before a family member initiates an alert Friends and Family Hello, “Big AL’s” insurance. Is my husbands insurance premium up to date ?

“The life expectancy of an injured survivor decreases as much as 80 percent during the first 24 hours, while the chances of survival of uninjured survivors rapidly diminishes after the first 3 days” File descriptive and accurate flight plans Be sure to open and close flight plan. Have good contact phone numbers Let people know where you are going.

SAR Stages AwarenessAwareness Initial ActionsInitial Actions

Initial Actions Coordinate the following SAR assets:Coordinate the following SAR assets: –Civil Air Patrol (CAP) –U. S. Coast Guard –Coast Guard Auxiliary –Local law enforcement –Private Volunteer Organizations –U.S. Air Force Search and Rescue Units

SAR Assets SAR Coordinator (SC) Rescue Coordination Center (RCC)

SAR Stages AwarenessAwareness Initial ActionsInitial Actions PlanningPlanning

Planning Flight Plan/ Route of FlightFlight Plan/ Route of Flight –Rescue scenario: General aviation flight from Homestead to Key West International.General aviation flight from Homestead to Key West International. –Example of bad FAA flight plan. –Example of good FAA flight plan.

Route (intended) Key West Homestead

Bad FAA Flight Plan No flight plan filedNo flight plan filed No route of flightNo route of flight No contact numbersNo contact numbers x N1234PA28/A 110 White Direct EYW Homestead

Route (actual vs. filed) Filed Bad Flight Plan Actual Route Flown

Good FAA Flight Plan Good contact phone numbersGood contact phone numbers Accurate time estimatesAccurate time estimates Flight plan for each leg (for long cross countries)Flight plan for each leg (for long cross countries) Descriptive points for each changes of coursesDescriptive points for each changes of courses N1234PA-28/A Key West Ocean Reef Club - Islemorada - Marathon Key - Summer Land Key Orange life preservers, Orange life raft, flares 330 Key Marathon Dr. Evil, , DAB James Bond, White/red trim x Homestead

Route (actual vs. filed) Filed/Actual Route Flown Distressed Aircraft Position

SAR Stages AwarenessAwareness Initial ActionsInitial Actions PlanningPlanning OperationsOperations

Operations HC-130 Search patternsHC-130 Search patterns –Parallel Search –Route Search –Sector Search –Expanding square Search Target detectionTarget detection Signaling methodsSignaling methods Rescue/medical assistanceRescue/medical assistance

Search patterns (Parallel search) Filed Flight Plan Last Known Position (LKP)

Search patterns (Route search) Filed Flight Plan Last Known Position(LKP)

Search patterns (Sector search) Filed Flight Plan Last Known Position(LKP) Radius Nm

Search patterns (Expanding square search) Last Known Position(LKP) Filed Flight Plan

Target detectability Target Motion Contrast Size, shape distance Duration of exposure

Probability of detection (Search performed at 500’) Flat terrain Trees and Hills

Signaling methods Electronic means (ELT, Hand held radio, GPS, aircraft radio)Electronic means (ELT, Hand held radio, GPS, aircraft radio) Visual means (hand signals, smoke, flares, terrain, mirror, aircraft)Visual means (hand signals, smoke, flares, terrain, mirror, aircraft) Refer to AIM Section 6-2 for other signalsRefer to AIM Section 6-2 for other signals

Signal Mirror

Signaling Methods (Most common one) Help !!

SAR Stages AwarenessAwareness Initial ActionsInitial Actions PlanningPlanning OperationsOperations Mission conclusionMission conclusion

Mission conclusion Team EffortTeam Effort “You” play an active role in the rescue process.“You” play an active role in the rescue process.

“Have you filed your flight plan today ?”