1 The Rise of Modernism Art of the Later 19 th Century REALISM: “Unvarnished TRUTH”

2 Industrialization of Europe and U.S. about 1850

3 Later 19th Century CONTEXT Industrial Revolution: new building materials, social unrest  URBANIZATION: cities grew, rural dwellers moved into cities for factory jobs. Emphasis on Science and progress. Empiricism= knowledge based on observation and direct experience Invention of photography REALISM: depicting life as it actually occurs – without myth or glory MODERNISM= deals with present - artists examine the definition and role of art itself- what is Art? Avante Garde= artists rejected past and pushed boundaries

4 Figure 29-1 GUSTAVE COURBET, The Stone Breakers, Oil on canvas, 5’ 3” x 8’ 6”. Formerly at Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed in 1945). Gustave Courbet Traits= reevaluation of reality, (Empiricists), shows everyday life. (historical fiction is unobservable, so it is bad), mundane & trivial subjects treated like Grand History painting. - REJECTED by 1855 Salon Show Stone Breakers = lowest of society Style: Not glorified, dirty browns, grays; sense of mechanical monotony Young and old, little sky Context: Revolution of 1848= workers rebel against gov’t = placed workers on center stage Concept: Ind. Rev. invents new machines for new labor, but can’t liberate man from backbreaking work

Figure 29-2 GUSTAVE COURBET, Burial at Ornans, Oil on canvas, approx. 10’ x 22’. Louvre, Paris. 5

6 Figure 29-3 JEAN-FRANÇOIS MILLET, The Gleaners, Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 9” x 3’ 8”. Louvre, Paris. REALISM Artist=Millet Barbizon School: images of peaceful country life Gleaners= lowest of society; collect leftovers of the harvest Thought to be a political manifesto How does it fit into the Realist style?

7 Figure TIMOTHY O’SULLIVAN, A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July Negative by Timothy O’Sullivan. Original print by ALEXANDER GARDNER, 6 3/8" x 8 3/4". The New York Public Library (Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, Rare Books and Manuscript Division), New York.

8

9 Figure 29-4 HONORÉ DAUMIER, Rue Transnonain, Lithograph, approx. 1’ x 1’ 5 1/2”. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia (bequest of Fiske and Marie Kimball). Figure 29-6 HONORÉ DAUMIER, The Third-Class Carriage, ca Oil on canvas, 2’ 1 3/4” x 2’ 11 1/2”. Daumier -defended working class; produced lithographs= reach broader audience. Satirical prints criticizing the wealthy Rue Transnonian: Narrative of event during Revolution of 1848 = compare to… sniper shot a military guard; shot came form worker’s housing block. Guards stormed the building and killed ALL the inhabitants. Shows the aftermath of the crime scene; based on actual observation:

10 Third Class Carriage: Places the viewer in the poor section of the bus Great separation between rich and poor, impersonal and vague like the modern city Emphasis on line = rough unfinished, raw quality.

11

12 Figure 29-7 ÉDOUARD MANET, Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), Oil on canvas, approx. 7’ x 8’ 10”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. Manet -Influenced Impressionism. -“Salon de Refuses” -Seated nude = Victorine (Manet’s favorite model) Two men= Manet’s bro & another artist. -Criticized - shocking -woman - unashamed -“soft focus” of water in background, loose brush stroke, harsh contrast between light and dark= flattens forms -Manet= “light is chief actor in painting” IS IT REALIST?

13 Figure 29-8 ÉDOUARD MANET, Olympia, Oil on canvas, 4’ 3” x 6’ 3”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. Olympia: Manet HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL (Olympia= common name for prostitutes). - Looks cool, confident -Wears fashionable objects as adornment. -Being presented w/ flowers from client -New goddess= prostitute. -Is this Realist?

14 Figure MARIE-ROSALIE (ROSA) BONHEUR, The Horse Fair, 1853–1855. Oil on canvas, 8’ 1/4” x 16’ 7 1/2”. Horse Fair: BONHEUR -most celebrated female artist of 19th c. -Considered a naturalist. -studied anatomy of animals w/ scientific accuaracy -“spirit of the horse”, loose brushstrokes.

15 Figure HENRY OSSAWA TANNER, The Thankful Poor, Oil on canvas, 3’ 8 1/4” x 2’ 11 1/2”. TANNER American Studied with Eakins. Portrayed ordinary people with dignity. Giving thanks How is it Realist? What is artistically unique about the brushwork? What is the mood?

16 1.Realism developed first in which country? A)France B)Germany C)Italy D)Spain 2. Realism was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: A)Photography B)Japanese woodblock prints C)Science D)Politics

3. Which artist created the lithograph Rue Transnonain? A)Courbet B)Millet C)Daumier D)Manet 17