Introduction to Earth Science Chapter 1

1.1 What is Earth Science? ► Understanding Earth is not easy, because our planet is always changing. ► Earth Science – ► Geochemistry, geophysics, geobiology, paleontology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy.

1.1 What is Earth Science? ► We will begin our study with Geology  Means _____________________________  _________________________– the physical processes on Earth  __________________________– understanding Earth’s history.

1.1 What is Earth Science? ► Formation of the Earth  Nebular hypothesis:  Layers of the Earth ► How did they form?

1.2 - A View of the Earth ► Earth’s Major Spheres  _____________– the water portion of our planet  ________________ – Earth’s gaseous envelope  ________________ – solid portion of Earth ► Split into 3 parts:  _________________ – all life on Earth

1.2 - A View of the Earth ► The Earth is a dynamic, (always changing), planet  ________________________________ – forces that build the Earth  ________________________________ – forces that break down Earth  Plate tectonics:

1.3 – Representing Earth’s Surface ► Determining Location  ____________________- distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.  _______________________ – distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. ► Maps  No matter what kind of map you have there will always be some sort of distortion. ► Mapmakers have found ways to diminish the distortion of maps.

1.3 – Representing Earth’s Surface ► The Mercator Projection – (pg 12)  Used by sailors  Rectangular to show directions accurately.  However, sizes and distances are distorted. ► Robinson Projection  Shows distances, sizes, and shapes accurately, but has distortions around edges (pg. 13)

1.3 – Representing Earth’s Surface ► Conic Projections (pg. 13)  Used to make road and weather maps  Very accurate at the line of latitude it measures, but not accurate away from it. ► Gnonomic Projection (pg 13)  Used by sailors to show shortest distances between two points on a globe.

1.3 – Representing Earth’s Surface ► Topographic Maps  Represents the Earth’s 3 dimensions on a 2 dimensional surface.  They show elevation using ________________. ► Every position along a single contour line is at the same elevation. ► The ______________________________ tells you the difference in elevation between adjacent lines.  Lines closer together show steeper slopes, while lines far apart show gently sloping landscapes.

1.3 – Representing Earth’s Surface ► Contour Lines  Lines in a circle represent a hill, while circles with hachure marks represent a depression. ► Scale  Shows the distance between two points on a map.  A map will always tell you its scale

1.3 – Representing Earth’s Surface ► Geologic Maps  Shows the type and age of exposed rock. ► Satellites  Allows us to very precisely map the Earth’s surface  GPS – Global Positioning System ► Table 1 – pg. 17

1.5 Scientific Inquiry ► Scientific Method  1. ______________________________ ► Only what you see, smell, hear, touch, and sometimes taste ► You DO NOT draw any conclusions from your observations.  2. ______________________________ ► An educated guess to explain your observations

1.5 Scientific Inquiry  3. _________________________________ ► This tests your hypothesis ► Must be carefully and thoughtfully carried out including dependant and independent variables and a control. ► Data must be collected  4. ___________________________________ Graphs, charts, illustrations

1.5 Scientific Inquiry  5. ___________________________________ ► Tell what your data represents ► State whether it supports or does not support your hypothesis ► ____________________________ – well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.  Tells what is observed in nature and attempts to explain it.  Examples:

1.5 Scientific Inquiry ► ___________________________________  Tell what is occurring in nature but does not attempt to explain it.  Examples: ► Metric base units  Length:  Mass:  Time:  Temperature:

1.5 Scientific Inquiry ► Metrix Prefixes: MEMORIZE THESE!!!  giga: deci:  mega:centi:  kilo:milli:  hecto:micro:  deka:nano: