Chapter 3 States of Matter

Everything that has mass and volume is called matter. What is matter? Everything that has mass and volume is called matter. Basic definition of matter.

3.1 Solid, Liquid and Gas View video

What type of change does matter undergo? All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical changes. These changes can be microscopic or macroscopic.

Liquid A liquid will take the shape of whatever container it is in. MOLECULES are close together but they flow past one another. Molecules ARE IN motion.

Solid MOLECULES have a strong bond (attraction) between them. Solids are usually hard because their molecules have been tightly packed together. Hold their shape. Molecules ARE IN motion.

Gas Gas is everywhere in random groups of atoms. Gases can fill a container of any size or shape. Liquids can only fill the bottom of the container while gases can fill it entirely. Molecules ARE IN motion.

Plasma 99% of all matter in the universe is made of plasma. A plasma is an ionized gas. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. In a plasma the electrons have been stripped away from the central nucleus. Therefore, a plasma consists of a sea of ions and electrons and is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Electrons are separated from their respective nucleus when enough heat is applied. In a controlled thermonuclear fusion research, plasmas are heated to over 100 million degrees.

Plasma Particles The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue). The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue).

Lightening More Plasma! Fluorescent Tube Northern Lights Neon Lights

Change in State Graph   Change phase video clip

Kinetic Theory The molecules are in constant, random motion and frequently collide with each other and with the walls of any container.

Basis of Classification of the Four Types Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particles If you can understand this concept, then you are in great shape!! The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles.

3.3 Phase Changes

Properties of Matter

Phase Change A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.

CHANGES Water can change from one state to another by adding or subtracting heat. A solid changes to a liquid when heat is added. ENDOTHERMIC

A liquid changes to a solid when you take away heat, or it gets colder. EXOTHERMIC

Look at distance of particles

Review - Phase Change   Notice as matter moves to the next phase more energy is needed. What do you predict must happen to go in the other direction?

Heat of Fusion EXAMPLE Another word for melting. DEFINITION Amount of heat energy which must be absorbed or lost to turn a solid into a liquid. Another word for melting. EXAMPLE

Heat of Vaporization EXAMPLE The opposite of condensation. DEFINITION The amount of heat energy a liquid must absorb to be converted from a liquid to a gas. The opposite of condensation. EXAMPLE

Evaporation EXAMPLE DEFINITION The phase change of a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below it’s boiling point. EXAMPLE

Condensation DEFINITION The phase change of a substance from a gas or vapor to a liquid. EXAMPLE

Sublimation DEFINITION The phase change of state from a solid to gas or vapor. Note: It skips the liquid stage. EXAMPLE

Deposition DEFINITION The phase change of state from a gas or vapor to solid. Note: It skips the liquid stage. EXAMPLE

You will be given a blank piece of paper to draw….. Upcoming Quiz!!! You will be given a blank piece of paper to draw…..

Calories are a form of energy

Why is there a flat line on the graph where the phase change occurs?

Notice the force between particles.

Key Concept!!!!! None Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Temperature Change During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. None Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes. Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

This is the End of Today’s Lecture

Identify the colored arrows