KSU Biochemistry department sciences college Dr.Howaida Nounou Bnazeer AL-Mutiri Eman AL-Musa Ahood AL-Onazy Sua’ad AL-Otibie Amjad AL-Otibie

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It affects one in five people, and prevalence increases with age. Some studies estimate the prevalence in the USA to be up to 25% of the population. Metabolic syndrome is also known as metabolic syndrome X, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven's syndrome, and CHAOS (Australia). A similar condition in overweight horses is referred to as equine metabolic syndrome; it is unknown if they have the same etiology.

Contents: 1. History 2. Etiology 3. Risk Factors 4. Signs and symptoms 5. Prevention 6. Treatment. 7. Controversy.

The term "metabolic syndrome" at least until late in 1950, but began to be used commonly in the late 1970's to describe the links to the various risk factors with diabetes have been observed at the beginning of Doctor noticed Medicine Almrceli Jane Vajo, 1947, that the upper parts of the body fat appears to be poised to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout and Kalkoli. Describe both Avuajjaro, Krebalde and their assistants and six obese patients with diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia observed and who improved when they were all placed in the high-calorie diet, low-carbohydrate. The term "metabolic syndrome" at least until late in 1950, but began to be used commonly in the late 1970's to describe the links to the various risk factors with diabetes have been observed at the beginning of Doctor noticed Medicine Almrceli Jane Vajo, 1947, that the upper parts of the body fat appears to be poised to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout and Kalkoli. Describe both Avuajjaro, Krebalde and their assistants and six obese patients with diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia observed and who improved when they were all placed in the high-calorie diet, low-carbohydrate.

In 1977, Haller use the term "metabolic syndrome" a population of fat, and diabetes, fat, and the hyperuricemia, liver scarcity of sebum when describing the additive effects of risk factors for atherosclerosis. In the same year, Singer used the term to gatherings fat, Anakrs, diabetes, high blood pressure, hyperlipoprotenemia. In 1977, Haller use the term "metabolic syndrome" a population of fat, and diabetes, fat, and the hyperuricemia, liver scarcity of sebum when describing the additive effects of risk factors for atherosclerosis. In the same year, Singer used the term to gatherings fat, Anakrs, diabetes, high blood pressure, hyperlipoprotenemia.

In 1977 and 1978, developed by Gerald. Philips principle that the risk factors for myocardial infarction can be "a constellation of anomalies" (ie, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and excess fat (high cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia), and high pressure) that are linked not only heart disease but also with aging, obesity and other cases. It was suggested that there must be related to underlying factors, which can be identified to lead to the prevention of heart disease and blood vessels, and assumed that these factors are the sex hormones.

Now use the terms "metabolic syndrome" and "insulin resistance syndrome", "syndrome X" in particular to determine the constellation of the distortions associated with an increased risk of developing type II diabetes and atherosclerosis and vascular disease (for example, heart disease and stroke).

Not yet know exactly the precise mechanisms of the complex paths of metabolic syndrome. The Albatholjia too complex and only partially clarified. Most of the older patients, and persons fat, sedentary, and the degree of insulin resistance. The most important factors respectively are:

1-Weight 2-Genetics 3-Maximum Age 4-Sedentary lifestyle, a reduction of physical activity and increased calorie intake.

3-Risk factors 1-Overweight and obesity Main article: Central obesity is a fundamental feature of the medium-syndrome, which reflects the fact that the spread of AIDS is animated by the strong relationship between waist circumference and increasing obesity. However, despite the importance of obesity, could also be patients with normal weight had insulin resistance, and so you have this disease.

2-Sedentary lifestyle Physical inactivity is an indicator of CVD events and mortality related to this. Connected to several components of metabolic syndrome sedentary lifestyle, including an increase in adipose tissue (mostly from the middle), and reducing cholesterol HDL, and a tendency towards increased triglycerides, blood pressure, and glucose in vulnerable organisms.

3-Aging Affect the metabolic syndrome accounted for 44% of the population of the United States over the age of 50 years. The proportion of women over 50 years who have the disease than men. In the view of the prevalence of the disease based on age in most of the population in all parts of the world.

4- Diabetes Main article: Diabetes Mellitus It is estimated that the vast majority (~ 75%) of patients who suffer from type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are infected with metabolic syndrome. Associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in these people, up more than the spread of CVD found in patients with type 2 diabetes or IGT without the syndrome..

5-coronary heart disease Main article: Coronary disease The rate of proliferation approximate metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary artery disease) is 50%, with a prevalence of 37% in patients with coronary heart disease before puberty (age 45), especially in women. Can reduce the incidence of syndrome with cardiac rehabilitation and lifestyle changes (eg, nutrition, physical activity, weight loss, and in some cases, drugs).

cortisol : Cortisol may play a role in causing symptoms of metabolic syndrome.

Signs and symptoms Symptoms and features are: High fasting glucose in the blood - type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or insulin resistance; High blood pressure; Central obesity.overweight with fat deposits concentrated around the waist; Reduce cholesterol HDL; High triglycerides; hyperuricemia, and fatty liver (especially in concurrent obesity) and polycystic ovaries (in women)

5-Prevention Have been proposed different strategies for the prevention of development of metabolic syndrome. These include; increased physical activity (such as walking 30 minutes every day). the healthy diet that reduce the calories.

6- Treatment That the first line of treatment is to change the style of life (for example, reduce the number of calories and physical activity). However, it requires a lot of drug treatment required. In general, the individual disorders, which include symptoms of metabolic syndrome are dealt with separately. Drugs, diuretics, ACE inhibitors can be used to treat high blood pressure. Drugs Can be used to reduce levels of LDL, if they are high, and raise the levels of HDL if they are low. Drugs that reduce insulin resistance can also be used.

A study conducted in 2003 indicated that exercises the heart and blood vessels were treated in about 31% of cases. The most possible benefit levels Turagelesraid, with the advent of improved by 43%; but Asaim plasma glucose and insulin resistance for 91% of those labs are not better. supported many of the other studies the value of increased physical activity and calorie restriction (diet, diet) for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

7- Controversy Was the value in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome recently controversial large. To be sure, different groups of conflicting standards and the diagnosis is completed in existence, and that when accounting for confounding factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and the diagnosis of a small correlation with the risk of heart disease.