* There are two major aspects of computer a. Hardware b. Software

Hardware:- All the physical components of peripherals or mechanical , electrical and electronics parts of the system is called Hardware. These are the things which we can touch , see, and feel is calledHardware. eg:- Monitor, keyboard, Mouse, Motherboard, Hard disk, Printer,UPS , voltgurd etc…

b.Software:- It is the set of instruction required to make the Hardwareto perform the given task to get desired result. The set of instruction is also often referred to as a program. OR,

A force which drives Hardware to perform a task A force which drives Hardware to perform a task. eg:- Dos , Windows , Ms-office etc… *Types of Software. Basically two types of software are used in computer.

i. Application software. ii. System software. i. Application Software:- It is such a program which perform a specific function directly for the user or it is specially prepared to do certain specify purpose. -They can be classified in to two categories. a. Standard Application software. b. Tailored Application software.

a. Standard Application software:- Some application are common for many organization. Ready to use software packages for such applications are available from Hardware and Software vendors. That type of software is called standard software. Eg:- -Ms-excel, Lotus, etc…(for spreadsheet) -Ms-word, Wp, Ws etc…(For word prossing) -Ms-access, D-base, Paradox, froxpro, etc (for database)

-CAD-> Auto CADD ---(for engineering designing) -Ms-powerpoint, 3D-Max, flash etc…(for animation) b. Tailor Application software:- There are situation where on may have to develop one’s own programs to suit one’s Tailored Requirements once developed, They come in to the category of unique application package.

ii. System Software :- Language Software. The software that manages the resources of a computer system and schedules its operation is called the system software . Types of software:- Utility Software. (system support software) Language Software. Os Software . (Operating System Software)

eg:- i. Norton Utility disk doctor. ii. Antivirus software. a. Utility Software:- It is called as service programs which provides a useful service to the user of the computer by providing facilities for performing common tasks such as data transfer, search and measure of files , data recovery ,diskette management etc. eg:- i. Norton Utility disk doctor. ii. Antivirus software.

b. Language Software :- Computer can Understand instructions only when they are written in their own language called Machine Language. Therefore a program written in any other language should be translated in to machine language. Processor are available to do this job. There special program accept the user grammatically correct. Language processor are also known as translators.

*Types of language software :- - Compiler :- It is changes the language directly to machine language and gives output. eg :- c, c++ - Interpreter :- It is changes the language to the machine language one by one and perform task in serial order. Eg :- basic, foxpro

c. Operating System :- It is a program which helps to invoke the computer , without operating system the computer can not run. It does :- To control and co-ordinate peripherals device such as printer, Display screen and disk drives etc..

To helps the application program execute its instruction. To arrange the memory system. To deal with any fault that may occur in the computer and information operator. - Operating system is defined in two ways:- Interface base. Capacity base .

a. Interface base :- - It is also two types:- CUI using OS. (Character User Interface) GUI using OS. (Graphical User Interface)

*CUI (Character User Interface) :- As operating system which uses a set of character to communicate between user and your computer (Hardware) is known as Character User Interface. eg. DOS , UNIX ETC…

*GUI (Graphical User Interface):- An operating system which uses different kinds of Graphical notations , pictures ,i-cons etc.. To communicate between user and computer (Hardware) is called Graphical User Interface based operating system. eg. :- windows 95, win 98/2000/xp/NT etc..

***BOOTING Booting is the process to get the computer start. Steps of booting :- Power on CU checks either all the peripherals are truly connected to the (CPU) or not. Then it checks for the system files. IO. sys MS .sys Command .com

IO .sys :- it looks for the input and output part of the system. MS .sys :- it looks for rest all other operation. Command .com :-it contains all the commands that are necessary for operation.

*COMPUTER CONCEPTS Computer performs essentially the following three operations in a sequence. Receives data or text. (as input) Process data. (as processing) Emits or produce output. (as a result.)

*ALU- Arithmetic logic Unit *CU - Current Unit *MU – Memory Unit.

*Working of computer. Input device:- The device through which computer gets data , information and instruction are called input device. Eg:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner etc..

*Output Device:- The device through which computers turnout the end product. (i.e. Result, report or final information) that types of device are called output device. eg:- Monitor , Printer etc..

*CPU (Processing):- CPU means Central Processing unit . The CPU is the completely electronic parts of the computer. It contains three sub units . ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit CU – Control Unit MU – Memory Unit (Main Memory)

a. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) :- The Arithmetical and Logic Unit performs the actual calculations and comparisons required data is transferred from the main store to the ALU upon receipt of the relevant signal from the CU . Appropriate operations of Arithmetical are ( + ; - ; * ; / ) and logical are (> ; <; >= ; <= ; -ve ; +ve ).

b. CU (Current Unit) :- It control ‘s the flow of data with in the cpu. The passes of data and information from the input devices to main storage fetching the data , that is to be processed to the ALU, storing back the result in the main memory and directing the information to be printed to the output devices are the functions totally under the control of the control unit.

c. MU – (Memory Unit):- Input data , programs , intermediate results and final results ready for output are stored in the main memory. The data and instructions are passed from the main store in to ALU or, CU to and from the backing storage decices under the control of the CU.

*Generally memory is two types . Primary Memory. (Temporary storage) Secondary Memory. (Permanent Storage) Primary Memory :- It is also two types. RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

i. RAM (Random Access Memory):- It is Temporary Memory of computer in here we can read and write information. When we can read and write any information or data it can store temporary and when power is cut off all the information and data will be lost and it can’t reuse. So, it is also known as volatile Memory. Generally there are two types of RAM. * SRAM * DRAM

* SRAM (Static Random Access Memory):- Made of Transistors chips. Four times faster than that of DRAM. Don’t need refreshing. Larger capacity.

* DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory):- Made of capacitors. Less capacity. Needs refreshing. Slowest type of memory.

* ROM (Read Only Memory) :- It is the memory from where the information’s can only be read . It can not be written . It has stored some utilities programs at the time manufacture, stored in this memory are not lost as soon as the power is cut off. Types of ROM :- PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) EEPROM (Electronic Erasable Programmable ROM) EEEPROM (Electrically Electronic Erasable Programmable ROM)

b. Secondary Memory (Permanent Storage):- i. Hard Disk:- It is an air – tight sealed. Unit, consisting of a number of metallic disks (platters) mounted an spindle, which Rotates at a speed of about 3600 RPM (Revolution Per Minutes) data is stored on that of both sides of each disk in the same manner as that of floppy disk. Storage capacities of Hard disk range from 10 MB to 120 GB. ii. Floppy Disk :- It is permanent storage device -

which store the information or data for future use it is made of magnetic material coated with plastic cover.