ALGAL BIORESOURCES AS RAW-MATERIAL IN BIOFUEL PRODUCTION RIZWAN SARWAR PHD Scholar Department of BOTANY 14-ARID-4424

contents Introduction Benefits of Biodiesel Global Market of RES Production of biodiesel Production of biodiesel by the regions of the world Features of consumption of biodiesel Biodiesel raw-material base Producton and cost price of biodiesel

Algae and Biodiesel Choosing an Algae Feasibility Pressing oil from the algae Diesel Hybrid Hybrid Bus Statistics Conclusion References

Biodiesel represents methyl (less often ethyl) ethers of fatty acids and is a perspective substitute for traditional hydrocarbon fuel. Raw materials for production of biodiesel are vegetable oils, food-industry wastes and waste oils used for cooking.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel in any proportions. The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has a technical definition of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester.

Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix. 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100 20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20 5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5 2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2

Benefits of Biodiesel - High flash point (above +100) - High cetane number (Measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel) (average 45.8-56.9 units). - High flash point (above +100) - Good lubricating property - Absence of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons - Low toxicity of emissions - Virtually complete biodegradability (99% -biodiesel are destroyed in water or soil for 28 days) - Zero balance of greenhouse gases

Global Market of RES

Production of biodiesel

Material balance of biodiesel

Production of biodiesel by the regions of the world 70 % - EU 20 % - the USA 10 % - other countries

Features of consumption of biodiesel The main consumers are Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria, Spain National biodiesel programs are started more than in 20 countries Three of four liters of diesel fuel sold in EU contain biodiesel. The obligatory share of biofuel is 5.75 % in 2010, 20 % by 2020

Biodiesel raw-material base

Sown areas for the production of vegetable oils for biodiesel (worldwide) Today - 1 % (14 mln ha) By the year 2030 – 2.5 % (35 mln ha)

Liters of oil from 1 hectare Raw material Liters of oil from 1 hectare Sesame 696 Sunflower 952 Peanut 1059 Rape (B. napus) 1190 Olive 1212 Jatropha 1818 Avocado 2638 Palm-oil 5950 Algae 95000 Soya 446 Flax 478

Producton and cost price of biodiesel

Cost of biodiesel production in some European countries Сountry Cost, Euro/l Germany 0.50-0.64 Baltic States 0.41-0.42 Hungary 0.65 Poland 0.75 Slovakia 0.70 The price of rape in Germany is 450 EUROS per ton

Production cost of biodiesel in various countries in 2008 Type of Biodiesel Dollars per gallon of biodiesel Dollars per gallon gasoline equivalent India (Jatropha) 2.74 2.97 U.S. (soybean) 3.20 3.33 EU (rape) 3.26 3.54 Russia (rape) 1.50 1.65 The price of rape in Russia - 240 euros per ton

Algae and Biodiesel

Algae Biodiesel is a good replacement for standard crop Biodiesels like soy and canola Up to 70% of algae biomass is usable oils Algae does not compete for land and space with other agricultural crops Algae can survive in water of high salt content and use water that was previously deemed unusable

Storing the Sun’s Energy (Photosynthesis) What is needed Sunlight CO2 Nutrients Storage of Energy Lipids and oils Carbohydrates http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf

Controlling Nutrients Nitrogen Aids in cell division Silicate Aids in cell wall production Depleting Nutrients Starving the algae of these two nutrients reduce the rate of cell division Oil production remains constant Results in an increase in the oil to mass ratio

Mass Production of Algae

Choosing an Algae Important characteristics of Algae High % of total biomass is oil Maintains a high % of oil even under stress Compatible with the area climate

What Type of Algae Botryococcus braunii Converts 61% of its biomass into oil 86% of it is long chain hydrocarbons Drops to only 31% oil under stress Grows best between 22-25oC (71-77oF)

Where To Grow It Extensions onto our water treatment plants Clean up our waste and generate fuel Agriculture runoff Exploit the county’s many farms.

Feasibility Due to the promising interest in alternatives to fossil fuels, there has been renewed research interest in Botryococcus braunii. The DOE Joint Genome Institute sequenced the DNA of Bb in 2009-2010

Pressing oil from the algae Dry the algae and press the oil from it. Can retrieve up to 70% of the oil. While drying must prevent the algae from becoming contaminated. Cheapest and simplest method

Chemical Oil Extraction Use hexane solvents to remove the oil. Hexane is a neurotoxin. Must be careful when using. Removes oil out of almost all things.

Three ways to produce biodiesel Base catalyzed transesterification with alcohol. Acid catalyzed esterification with methanol. Convert the oil to fatty acids. Then acid catalyze to alkyl esters.

Base Catalyzed with Alcohol Most common process Most economical Low pressure Low temperature (150oF) No intermediate steps High conversion rate (98%) http://biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production.PDF

TAG (triacylglycerol) Three chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol Natural oil from the algae

Transesterification Start with triacylglycerol (TAG) End up with alkyl ester alcohol (biodiesel)

Diesel Hybrid GM Hybrid Bus

Hybrid Bus Statistics GM Hybrid Bus EP system (electric propulsion) Clean Hybrid technology Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reduction of about 90% Nitrous oxide reduction of about 50% Already in service in many cities Up to 60% improved fuel economy http:www.gm.com/company/adv_tech/300_hybrids/index_bus.html

Conclusion Algae is a very efficient means of producing biodiesel The oil production from algae farms is feasible and scalable Further research necessary to unlock full potential of algae

References Rajkumar et al. (2014). “Algal Biofuel Production,” BioResources 9(1) 1606-1633. Kelsi Bracmort. (2013). “Algae’s Potential as a Transportation Biofuel,” Congressional Research Service. www.crs.gov