The 19 th Century

The Congress of Vienna, Metternich (Austria) Talleyrand (France) Alexander I of Russia Louis XVIII of France Netherlands created Prussia got Rhineland Switzerland neutral Russia gets Finland and Poland Norway/Sweden

Greek War of Independence, Ipsilantis Lack of support Execution of Patriarch Gregory Alexander’s Third Rome complex Lord Byron – Don Juan First European ethnic state

1848 Revolutions: “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” Revolutions France – King Louis- Philippe, 2 nd republic Budapest – Magyars Prague, Vienna Prussia – Kaiser Frederick Wilhelm IV, Prussian assembly in Berlin, Frankfurt Assembly Young Italy Movement – Mazzini, Republic of Rome Results France – absolutist Louis Napoleon Austria – Franz Josef I Prussia – aristocrats in assembly Mazzini – France and Austria

The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Published in London Marx and Engels Bourgeoisie Proletarians Capitalism Exploitation Private property Prior revolutions Inevitable revolution

Russia after Peter the Great Catherine the Great – wife of Peter III, golden age, The Hermitage, Alaska, Russo-Turkish Wars, “Star of the North”, enlightenment Alexander I – grandson, Napoleon relationship, Ottoman Empire, Greek independence Nicholas I – Russo- Turkish War, Crimean War Alexander II ` – freed the serfs, planned Duma, assassinated by The People’s Will

Growth of Russian Empire

The Crimean War, Fear of Russian Empire Nicholas I Russia vs. France/UK/Austria/Ottom an Empire/Sardinia Balaclava, Siege of Sevastopol Florence Nightingale The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson, Earl of Cardigan

Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. “Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!” he said. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. “Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew Someone had blundered. Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

Queen Victoria, Queen of GB and Ireland (UK) Married Prince Albert Also Empress of India 63 year reign, last Hanover Irish Potato Famine “Victorian” – strict personal morality, style of furniture

The First Opium War, – Jardine, Matheson &Co. in Canton Traders losing money India’s opium harvest 1839 – factory raids 1840 – British fleet in Pearl River delta 1842 – Treaty of Nanking, aka “unequal treaty” – five open ports, Hong Kong, Shanghai

Letter to Queen Victoria from Lin Zixu, 1839 Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to England and seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honorable ruler would deeply hate it and be bitterly aroused. We have heard heretofore that your honorable ruler is kind and benevolent. Naturally you would not wish to give unto others what you yourself do not want. We have also heard that the ships coming to Canton have all had regulations promulgated and given to them in which it is stated that it is not permitted to carry contraband goods. This indicates that the administrative orders of your honorable rule have been originally strict and clear. Only because the trading ships are numerous, heretofore perhaps they have not been examined with care. Now after this communication has been dispatched and you have clearly understood the strictness of the prohibitory laws of the Celestial Gourt, certainly you will not let your subjects dare again to violate the law. We have further learned that in London, the capital of your honorable rule, and in Scotland, Ireland, and other places, originally no opium has been produced. Only in several places of India under your control such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Benares, and Malwa has opium been planted from hill to hill, and ponds h ave been opened for its manufacture. For months and years wark is continued in order to accumulate the poison. The obnoxious odor ascends, irritating heaven and frightening the spirits. Indeed you, O King, can eradicate the opium plant in these places, hoe over the fields entirely, and sow in its stead the five grains [millet, barley, wheat, etc.]. Anyone who dares again attempt to plant and manufacture opium should be severely punished. This will really be a great, benevolent government policy that will increase the common weal and get rid of evil. For this, Heaven must support you and the spirits must bring you good fortune, prolonging your old age and extending your descendants. All will depend on this act.

Second Opium War 1856 – taking of The Arrow caused war Enforcement of Treaty of Nanking More demands UK and France v. China 1858 – Treaty of Tianjin legalized opium trade, opened China to other nations, missionary movement

Napoleon III, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, president of 2 nd republic Emperor Austro-Prussian War – Austria/Italy v. Prussia, France neutral Mexico Archduke Maximilian of Austria USA’s Civil War ends Manet, Salon de Refuses

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III, King Wilhelm I Chancellor Otto von Bismarck German unity The Ems Dispatch Hohenzollern heir in Spain Battle of Sedan, captured Treaty of Frankfurt – Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia Retired to Britain

Unification of Italy 1871, Risorgimento Metternich: “Italy is just a geographical expression.” Northern Italy – Austrian Empire weakened by war 1848 – Roman republic, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Napoleon III and the Papal States “Where we will be, there will be Rome” Handed Italy to Victor Emmanuel II, first king of Italy Offered services to Lincoln 1870 – France pulled out (F-P War)

Risorgimento map

European Colonization of Africa: “White Man’s Burden” Raw materials, missionaries, social Darwinism, racism Cecil Rhodes – South Africa, De Beers, Zambesia, Rhodesia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Rhodes Scholarship Cape to Cairo Red Line – The French, Portuguese Pink Map Dr. Livingstone Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

Origins of First Boer War, Boer – Dutch for “farmer” Congress of Vienna 1815 Changes in Cape Colony The Great Trek - Voortrekkers leave Cape Colony and est. Natal, Transvaal and Orange FS (1830s) Britain vs. Boers

The Battle of Blood River (Natal) Boers vs. Zulu

First Boer War, – diamonds in Kimberly (Transvaal) Lord Roberts – took Bloemfontain, Johannesburg, Pretoria 1877 – Britain annexed Transvaal Zulu War – Battle of Rorke’s Drift 1880 – protest against tax, SAR declared independence Guerrilla warfare, khakis 1881 – Pretoria Convention, PM Gladstone, Queen Victoria

White Man’s Burden by Kipling, 1899 Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

Second Boer War, Boers invaded Natal and Cape Colony Lord Roberts invaded Transvaal and took Pretoria Guerrilla warfare Lord Kitchener - Scorched earth, “drives” Concentration camps 1902 – Treaty of Vereeniging – Transvaal and OFS become part of British Empire 1910 – Union of South Africa established

Japan: , the Edo Period Edo Period - Tokugawa Shogunate – Commodore Perry, Fillmore’s letter, bombardment, response Kanagawa Treaty - ports Boshin War – France and UK Fall of Edo (Tokyo) Meiji Emperor – Kyoto to Tokyo Meiji Restoration

Militarization Industrialization Education Diet – parliament Shinto, emperor worship – Sino- Japanese War – gained Taiwan

Spanish-American War The Maine Battle of Manila Bay – Dewey Battle of San Juan Hill – Rough Riders, Roosevelt Treaty of Paris – Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines Malaria Yellow journalism Expansionism