© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.1 Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.2 Analog signals take a continuum of amplitude values. Digital signals take a few discrete amplitudes.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.3 An analog signal is converted to an approximate digital equivalent by sampling. Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word. (Practical converters use longer code words.)

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.4 Quantization error occurs when an analog signal is reconstructed from its digital form.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.5 After noise is added, the original amplitudes of a digital signal can be determined. This is not true for an analog signal.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.6 Typical flowchart for design of electronic systems.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.7 Flowchart of the circuit-design process.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.8 The npn BJT.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.9 A metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.10 In photolithography the photoresist-coated wafer is exposed to a light pattern defining the regions to become specific elements of circuit components.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.15 Electronic amplifier.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.16 Input waveform and corresponding output waveforms.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.17 Model of an electronic amplifier, including input resistance R i and output resistance R o.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.18 Source, amplifier model, and load for Example 1.1.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.22 The power supply delivers power to the amplifier from several constant voltage sources.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.23 Illustration of power flow.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.24 Amplifier of Example 1.4.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.25 Current-amplifier model.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.26 Voltage amplifier of Examples 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.27 Current-amplifier model equivalent to the voltage-amplifier model of Figure See Example 1.5.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.28 Transconductance-amplifier model.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.29 Transconductance amplifier equivalent of the voltage amplifier of Figure See Example 1.6.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.30 Transresistance-amplifier model.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.31 Transresistance amplifier that is equivalent to the voltage amplifier of Figure See Example 1.7.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.32 If we want to sense the open-circuit voltage of a source, the amplifier should have a high input resistance, as in (a). To sense short-circuit current, low input resistance is called for, as in (b).

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.33 If the amplifier output impedance R o is much less than the (lowest) load resistance, the load voltage is nearly independent of the number of switches closed.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.34 To avoid reflections, the amplifier input resistance R i should equal the characteristic resistance Z o of the transmission line.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.35 Periodic square wave and the sum of the first five terms of its Fourier series.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.36 Gain versus frequency.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.37 Capacitive coupling prevents a dc input component from affecting the first stage, dc voltages in the first stage from reaching the second stage, and dc voltages in the second stage from reaching the load.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.38 Capacitance in parallel with the signal path and inductance in series with the signal path reduce gain in the high-frequency region.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.39 Gain versus frequency for a typical amplifier showing the upper and lower half-power (3-dB) frequencies (f H and f L ) and the half-power bandwidth B.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.40 Gain magnitude versus frequency for a typical bandpass amplifier.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.41 Input pulse and typical ac-coupled broadband amplifier output.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.42 Rise time of the output pulse. (Note: No tilt is shown. When tilt is present, some judgement is necessary to estimate the amplitude V f.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.43 Differential amplifier with input sources.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.44 The input sources v i1 and v i2 can be replaced by the equivalent sources v icm and v id.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.45 Electrocardiographs encounter large 60-Hz common-mode signals.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.46 Setup for measurement of common-mode gain.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.47 Setup for measuring differential gain. A d = v o /v id.