Objectives- the Student Will Describe psychoactive drugs their history: including animal examples Analyze the 4 categories of psychoactive drugs and give examples of each Analyze the difference between physiological and psychological addiction

Psychoactive drugs Drugs change feelings, perception, motivation and other body and mind functions

Classifying drugs Psychoactive drug Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior Types Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS. Depressants slow down activity in the CNS. Opiates relieve pain. Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes. chapter 5

Different cultures= different practices Jerusalem Hasidic men Completion of holy Torah dancing for hours in the streets Religious ecstasy

Culture South Dakota Lakota(Sioux) adults naked in the darkness crushing heat of the sweat lodge Euphoria, transcendence of pain, connection with Great Spirit

Culture Amazon Jungle Young man training to be shaman (religious leader) takes whiff of hallucinogenic snuff from virola tree bark Trance and communicate with animals, spirits and supernatural forces

Early drug states All aimed at release of ordinary consciousness Cultures different Such practices=Religious connection HOWEVER attempts to alter mood and consciousness are universal William James and Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) Waking consciousness and different consciousness

Altered states of Consciousness 1960’s attitudes changed Altered states of consciousness- Psychology and physiology of psychoactive drugs Psychoactive drugs- a drug capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, and behavior Changes body chemistry Reasons for taking them vary- Decrease pain Psychological escape, comfort, religion

Humans aren’t only ones getting high…psychological research shows Baboons ingest tobacco Elephants love alcohol in fermented fruit Rabbits seek hallucinogenic mushrooms

Classifying Drugs= 4 groups 1 st STIMULANTS speed up C.N.S. activity Intense pleasure, self confidence, Cocaine, crack, speed (amphetamine), MDMA ( ecstasy) Legal ones- caffeine, nicotine

Dangers with stimulants Frightening hallucinations, paranoid delusions Increase frequency and dosage Addictive, effect heart, blood signaling to the brain

2 nd Depressants Slow mental and physical activity of the body by inhibiting the central nervous system Alcohol, Barbiturates (sedation-sleeping pills),benzodiazepines (antidepressants-minor tranquilizers) Inhibits C.N.S. as a results slows down mental and physical activity

Examples of Alcohol

Alcohol effects Loose inhibitions- loose self-monitoring Talkative, quiet, abusive, friendly Combination of alcohol Ecstasy= problem= why? motor skills diminish- D.U.I.

3 rd Opiates Mimic endorphins Morphine, heroin, codeine- made from poppy Highly addictive Analgesic- pain relief Started out as Bayer aspirin Euphoria but can think clearly, cognitive Take through needle or orally

Example Opiate

4 th Drug classification- Psychedelic- TIME AND SPACE Produce change by altering perceptions, creating hallucinations, and blurring the boundary between self and the external world. Most use NEROTRANSMITTER Serotonin LSD (acid)-PCP( angel dust)- psilocybin (mushrooms), Marijuana- mild stimulant or sleep

Emotional reactions vary= Trip

82% OF Americans have tried marijuana

Your turn What kind of drug is alcohol? 1. Stimulant 2. Depressant 3. Opiate 4. Psychedelic chapter 5

Your turn What kind of drug is alcohol? 1. Stimulant 2. Depressant 3. Opiate 4. Psychadelic chapter 5

Physiology of Drug effects Tolerance- need more and more to get the same effect Withdrawal- uncomfortable physical and mental symptoms that occur when drug usage stops

Physiology of drug effects Psychoactive drugs work by acting on neurotransmitters. They can... Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters Prevent the reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that release them Block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator chapter 5

Cocaine’s effect on the brain Blocks the brain’s reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, raising levels of these neurotransmitters. Results in over-stimulation of certain brain circuits and a brief euphoric high When drug wears off, depletion of dopamine may cause user to “crash.” chapter 5

Reactions to drugs vary Body weight Metabolism Initial state of emotional arousal Physical tolerance of the drug Number of times a person has taken it Environmental setting Mental set- expectations for taking it Think-drink effect- Men more belligerent when thought drinking tonic water

Psychology of drug effects Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on several factors. Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal, and physical tolerance The number of times a person has used a drug Environmental factors such as where and with whom one uses a drug Mental set or expectations of a drug’s effects chapter 5

Summary 4 classifications of drugs Examples of effects Physiology vs. psychology off drugs