The Respiratory System Cells produce energy (ATP) For maintenance, growth, defense, and division Krebs's cycle and the electron transport chain use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The respiratory system is divided into Upper respiratory system: above the larynx Lower respiratory system: below the larynx Conducting portion: from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles Respiratory portion: the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23-1 The Components of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity Internal nares Pharynx Sphenoidal sinus Esophagus Clavicle UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RIGHT LUNG Bronchioles Bronchus Trachea Larynx Hyoid bone Tongue Nose Nasal conchae Ribs Diaphragm LEFT LUNG RIGHT LUNG Frontal sinus p. 815

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p. 818 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23-3c Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Nasal cavity Internal nares Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Pharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Epiglottis Entrance to auditory tube Glottis Vocal fold Esophagus The nasal cavity and pharynx, as seen in sagittal section with the nasal septum removed Thyroid gland Trachea Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Hyoid bone Lingual tonsil Mandible Palatine tonsil Soft palate Oral cavity Tongue Hard palate External nares Nasal vestibule Inferior Middle Superior Nasal conchae Frontal sinus p. 818

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-4a The Anatomy of the Larynx Epiglottis Lesser cornu Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid ligament Laryngeal prominence Thyroid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages Anterior view Trachea Larynx p. 820

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-4b The Anatomy of the Larynx Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Posterior view Vestibular ligament Vocal ligament Arytenoid cartilage p. 820

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-4c The Anatomy of the Larynx Vestibular ligament Vocal ligament Arytenoid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Sagittal section ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages p. 820

p. 821 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23-5c The Glottis and Surrounding Structures This photograph is a representative laryngoscopic view. For this view the camera is positioned within the oro- pharynx, just superior to the larynx. Root of tongue Epiglottis Vocal fold Vestibular fold Cuneiform cartilage in aryepiglottic fold Glottis (open) Corniculate cartilage h?v=ajbcJiYhFKY p. 821

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-6a The Anatomy of the Trachea Hyoid bone Larynx Trachea Root of right lung Tracheal cartilages Location of carina (internal ridge) Lung tissue Root of left lung Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG A diagrammatic anterior view showing the plane of section for part (b) p. 823

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-6b The Anatomy of the Trachea A cross-sectional view The trachea Lumen of trachea Tracheal cartilage Respiratory epithelium Thyroid gland Trachealis muscle Esophagus LM  3 p. 823

p. 824 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

p. 824 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23-9a The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung Bronchopulmonary segment Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Bronchioles Smaller bronchi Alveoli in a pulmonary lobule Tertiary bronchi Secondary bronchus Visceral pleura Left primary bronchus Trachea Cartilage plates The branching pattern of bronchi in the left lung, simplified p. 826

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-9b The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung Respiratory epithelium Bronchiole Bronchial artery (red), vein (blue), and nerve (yellow) Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Elastic fibers Capillary beds Branch of pulmonary vein Alveolar duct Arteriole Lymphatic vessel Alveoli Alveolar sac Interlobular septum Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura The structure of a single pulmonary lobule, part of a bronchopulmonary segment Branch of pulmonary artery Smooth muscle around terminal bronchiole p. 826

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p. 828 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

p. 828 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23-8 The Relationship between the Lungs and Heart Pericardial cavity Right lung, middle lobe Oblique fissure Right pleural cavity Atria Esophagus Aorta Right lung, inferior lobe Spinal cord Left lung, inferior lobe Mediastinum Bronchi Parietal pleura Left pleural cavity Visceral pleural Left lung, superior lobe Ventricles Body of sternum Rib p. 825

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-9b The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung Respiratory epithelium Bronchiole Bronchial artery (red), vein (blue), and nerve (yellow) Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Elastic fibers Capillary beds Branch of pulmonary vein Alveolar duct Arteriole Lymphatic vessel Alveoli Alveolar sac Interlobular septum Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura The structure of a single pulmonary lobule, part of a bronchopulmonary segment Branch of pulmonary artery Smooth muscle around terminal bronchiole p. 826

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p. 833 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23-16a The Respiratory Muscles Diaphragm contracts Ribs and sternum elevate Movements of the ribs and diaphragm that increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. Diaphragmatic movements were also illustrated in Figure 23–14. p. 835

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-16b The Respiratory Muscles Accessory Muscles of Inhalation Sternocleidomastoid muscle Scalene muscles Pectoralis minor muscle Serratus anterior muscle Primary Muscle of Inhalation Diaphragm Internal oblique muscle Rectus abdominus External oblique muscle Transversus thoracis muscle Internal intercostal muscles Accessory Muscles of Exhalation Primary Muscle of Inhalation External intercostal muscles An anterior view at rest (with no air movement), showing the primary and accessory respiratory muscles. p. 835

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-16c The Respiratory Muscles Primary Muscle of Inhalation Inhalation. A lateral view during inhalation, showing the muscles that elevate the ribs. Sternocleidomastoid muscle Accessory Muscle of Inhalation (active when needed) Scalene muscles Pectoralis minor muscle Serratus anterior muscle External intercostal muscles Diaphragm p. 835

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-16d The Respiratory Muscles Exhalation. A lateral view during exhalation, showing the muscles that depress the ribs. The abdominal muscles that assist in exhalation are represented by a single muscle (the rectus abdominis). Rectus abdominis and other abdominal muscles (not shown) Internal intercostal muscles Transversus thoracis muscle Accessory Muscles of Exhalation (active when needed) p. 835

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

p. 837 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Gender Differences Vital capacity MalesFemales Total lung capacity 6000 mL 4200 mL Residual volume 1200 Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity IRV VTVT ERV p. 837

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-19a An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration Systemic circuit Pulmonary circuit Alveolus Respiratory membrane Pulmonary capillary External Respiration Systemic circuit O = 100P 2 CO 2 40 = P O = 100P 2 CO 2 40 = P O = P 2 CO 2 45 = P CO 2 O 2 p. 842

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23-19b An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration Internal Respiration Interstitial fluid Systemic capillary O = 95P 2 CO 2 40 = P CO 2 O 2 Systemic circuit Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit CO 2 45 = P O = 40P 2 O = P 2 CO 2 45 = P p. 842

p. 843 & 844 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms Plasma Red blood cell Alveolar air space O 2 pickup Pulmonary capillary O 2 delivery Alveolar air space Pulmonary capillary Systemic capillary CO 2 delivery Systemic capillary Red blood cell Cells in peripheral tissues Cells in peripheral tissues Chloride shift CO 2 pickup p. 847

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Figure Decline in Respiratory Performance with Age and Smoking Regular smoker Disability Death Age (years) Stopped at age 65 Stopped at age 45 Never smoked Respiratory performance (% of value at age 25) p. 855