© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein: Amino Acids. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids.

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Presentation transcript:

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein: Amino Acids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids Nonessential amino acids –a.k.a dispensable amino acids Essential amino acids –a.k.a indispensable amino acids Conditionally essential amino acids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

An Essential Amino Acid

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonessential Amino Acids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Peptide bond

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Dipeptide

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Tripeptide

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Polypeptide

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Amino acid sequences

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein shape and function

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Protein denaturation

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Digestion Stomach –HCl –Pepsinogen  pepsin Proenzyme

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Digestion Small intestine –Proteases Intestinal and pancreatic –Peptidases

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Protein Absorption Carriers Capillaries Absorption misconceptions –Enzyme/amino acid supplements

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis Delivering the instructions –DNA mRNA

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis Sequencing errors

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Protein Synthesis Nutrients and gene expression

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Building material –Growth –Maintenance

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Enzymes

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Hormones

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Regulation of fluid balance –Edema Acid-base regulation –Acidosis –Alkalosis

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Transport proteins

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Immunity –Antibodies –Antigens

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Source of energy Other roles

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Protein turnover –Amino acid pool Nitrogen balance –Positive nitrogen balance –Negative nitrogen balance

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make proteins Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make other compounds –Neurotransmitters Using amino acids for energy and glucose

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Deamination Using amino acids to make fat

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality High-quality proteins Digestibility –Animal vs. plant Amino acid composition –Limiting amino acid

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality Reference protein Complementary proteins

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality PDCAAS –Protein digestibility- corrected amino acid score

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Food Labels Quantity of protein Daily Value –50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Acute PEM Chronic PEM

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Marasmus Kwashiorkor Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Infections –Dysentery Rehabilitation

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Health Effects Heart disease Cancer Adult bone loss –osteoporosis

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Health Effects Weight control Kidney disease

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes RDA –0.8 g/kg/day –10% - 35% of energy intake

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes Adequate intake Protein in abundance

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Supplements Protein supplements Amino acid supplements

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Health benefits

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Diet planning –Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Meat replacements –Texturized vegetable protein

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Vitamins and minerals –Lactovegetarians –Vegans

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Omega-3 fatty acids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Vegetarian diets through the life span –Pregnancy and lactation –Infancy –Childhood and adolescence

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Healthy food choices –Macrobiotic diets