Chemical composition of cells

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Presentation transcript:

Chemical composition of cells Lab 3

Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms

Salt molecules: NaCl (Sodium chloride Na+ Cl-) Sugar

Organic compounds in living thing Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids

Concepts A monomer is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer. A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. Proteins and some carbohydrates are polymers. Dehydration reactions— smaller molecules bond as water is given off Hydrolysis reactions— bonds are broken as water is added

Control Positive control—goes through all the steps of the experiment and does contain the substance being tested (positive results are expected) Negative control—goes through all the steps of the experiment except it does not contain the substance being tested (negative results are expected) The control samples usually validate the experiment. If negative control samples give positive results, the experiment is invalid—the reagents may be contaminated or the procedure may need improvement.

Carbohydrate Carbohydrate— sugars and chains of sugars Glucose— monomer – monosaccharide Maltose— 2 sugar unit – disaccharide Glycogen, Starch ect.—chains of glucose units—polysaccharides

Tests for carbohydrates Test for starch (page29) if starch is present Iodine— brown →blue; if starch is absent Iodine— no color change Which tube is the control? Test for sugars (page31) Benedict’s reagent reacts with small sugar molecules (glucose, maltose etc.) after heating — blue → green/yellow/red !! Highly corrosive

Protein Amino acid (Aa) ~20 different common amino acids ＞10 Aa = polypeptide ＞50 Aa = protein antibodies, transport proteins (hemoglobin, albumin), regulatory proteins (insulin); structural proteins (keratin— hair, myosin—muscle); enzyme (speed chemical reactions) amino group (-H2N) acidic group (-COOH)

Test for protein !! Highly corrosive Biuret reagent (NaOH+CuSO4 ) page 33 Peptide bonds combine with the copper ions. blue→ purple !! Highly corrosive Which tube is the control?

Lipids

Emulsification of Lipids Emulsifier can cause a fat to disperse in water

Today’s tests Test for Fat Page 35 15 min Chemical composition unknown A and B Page 38 Test for sugars Page 31 5-10 min Emulsification of Lipids Page 36 5 min Test for proteins Page 33 Test for starch Page 29 Microscopic observation* Page 30