Anatomy and Physiology Standard 4

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.

Digestive System Function: Break down food into usable materials for cells in the body to use How does it work: Uses enzymes throughout each part to break down polymers into monomers Example: mouth has amylase to break down carbs Absorbs monomers and nutrients in the small intestine and transports them through the body in the blood (for energy, growth, and repair) Absorbs water in the large intestine and all else is removed through the anus

Digestive System Diagram Write its job under each label

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood.

Circulatory System Function: How does it work: Transports O2 and nutrients to cells and removes CO2 and waste from cells How does it work: Heart pumps the blood and blood vessels carry the material in blood Oxygen is carried on red blood cells Hemoglobin, which has iron, holds onto the O2 Nutrients come from the digestive system Wastes are transported to the kidneys and liver for breakdown and removal

Circulatory Diagram Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Brings blood away from the heart Veins Brings blood to the heart Capillaries Brings blood to and from organs Smallest vessels To lungs heart To liver kidneys vein artery

Kidneys and Liver Liver: Kidneys: Breaks down toxic material so it is no longer harmful and sends them to the kidneys through the blood Kidneys: Filters out material that needs to be removed from the body Example: nitrogenous waste (waste that has Nitrogen) Creates urine

Respiratory System Diagram Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli Capillaries surround the alveoli O2 enters and CO2 exits

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Respiratory System Function: How does it work: Bring O2 to blood vessels Take CO2 from blood vessels Cleans the air (bacteria, dust, pollen, virus) How does it work: O2 is collected in the lungs when you inhale Gas exchange occurs in the smaller parts (alveoli) when CO2 exits the blood and O2 enters CO2 leaves the lungs when you exhale Cilia on cells and mucous trap harmful material

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works.

Nervous System Function: How does it work Receive and send messages throughout the body Includes messages from inside and outside the body Regulates the body to keep homeostasis How does it work Uses individual cells called neurons to send electrochemical signals throughout the body Uses electrical impulses and chemicals (called neurotransmitters) to communicate

Parts of the Nervous System Brain Central organ that collects signals and sends messages Spinal Cord Links brain to the rest of the body Neurons Sensory neuron Takes in information from the body and sends it to the brain Motor Neuron Brings signals from the brain to the body

Neuron Diagram

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells.

Skeletal System Functions How does it work Maintain Posture Produce Movement (with the muscular system) Make blood cells How does it work Bones and cartilage create structure Bone marrow (inside bones) make red and white blood cells Ligaments and tendons hold bones to muscles to help with movement

Muscular System Function How does it work Produce movement Cardiac muscle moves the heart Skeletal muscle moves the bones and the body Smooth muscle moves material in the body Example: moving food down the esophagus (peristalsis) Example: moving urine to the urinary bladder Example: moving blood up the veins Example: contractions during labor

Skeletal and Muscular System

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents.

Reproductive System Function How does it work Produce gametes (sperm and eggs) How does it work Cells in the testis and ovaries use meiosis to create gametes Each cell has half the number of chromosomes (haploid) Fertilization fuses an egg and sperm together to make a zygote with 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid) Offspring are genetically unique compared to each parent

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells.

Communication in the Body Function Regulate the body (keep homeostasis) How does it work Neurons use electrochemical signals to send signals Hormones move through the blood to send signals to organs for responses Produced by endocrine cells in glands (example: thyroid, adrenal) Cells nearby can communicate with each other Called paracrine signals Example: antibodies released from immune cells Example: neurotransmitters from neurons

Communication in the Body Paracrine vs Endocrine Local signaling Long-distance signaling Target cell Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter Endocrine cell Blood vessel Target cell Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter Endocrine cell Blood vessel Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse Secreting cell Secretory vesicle Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse Secreting cell Secretory vesicle Hormone travels in bloodstream to target cells Hormone travels in bloodstream to target cells Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid Target cell Target cell is stimulated Target cell Target cell is stimulated Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling Hormonal signaling Hormonal signaling

Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop.

Homeostasis Function How does it work Regulate the activities in the body Keep the body at stable conditions Respond to changes How does it work Uses communication systems to send signals and balance the body Called feed back loops Organs systems work together to keep homeostasis

Feedback loops Negative Feedback loop Series of steps that shuts off a stimulus