The Civil War Ends PPT 4 Unit 5 SSUSH 9

First Battle of Bull Run Reinforcements with Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson arrived

First Battle of Bull Run Northern general McDowell ordered a retreat that turned into a panic Loss for the North

Lincoln’s Response Need for a large, well-trained army Signed bill for 500,000 soldiers

Northern Blockade Spring 1862 Sealed off every major southern port along the Atlantic Coast

Ulysses S. Grant Control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Victories gave Union water passages deep into the South

Antietam Lee decided to invade Maryland Sept. 1862 Bloodiest one-day battle in American history

Antietam 6000 killed 16,000 wounded Crucial victory for the North when Lee retreated to Virginia

The North and Slavery Growing casualties Began to support an end to slavery as a way to punish the South and give a continued reason for fighting

Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln announced a decree that would free all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863

Quote, Union officer “We were no longer merely the soldiers of a political controversy. We were now the missionaries of a great work of redemption, the armed liberators of millions.”

Vicksburg Mississippi Last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River General Grant – Union commander

Vicksburg Siege May 1863 – Grant drove all Confederate troops into Vicksburg Siege until July – southern commander surrendered

Vicksburg Seige "What is to become of all the living things in this place...shut up as in a trap...God only knows.“ - unidentified Vicksburg resident

Gettysburg July 1863 Lee decided to launch an invasion into the North – Pennsylvania

Gettysburg Confederate defeat Lee lost 28,000 men (one-third of his force) Lee retreated to Virginia

Gettysburg

Gettysburg

Gettysburg Address Nov. 1863 Lincoln came to dedicate part of Gettysburg as a military cemetery The war was a fight for freedom

Gettysburg Address “[This nation was] conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . . . From these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

Ulysses Grant Western victories convinced Lincoln to give him command of all Union forces March 1864

Life During the War

Southern Economy Few financial resources, little industry Collapse of the transportation system Severe food shortages during the winters

North’s Economy Economic boom Growth of industries (clothes, ammunition) Farming technology = better yields

African Americans Permitted to enlist in the Union army and navy 54th Massachusetts – African American regiment

Quote, Frederick Douglass “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”

Medicine Large numbers of casualties No understanding of infectious germs Unsterilized instruments

Medicine Many regiments lost half to disease and illness, not battle Smallpox, dysentery, typhoid Amputations

Quote, Military Officer “As a wounded man was lifted on the table, often shrieking with pain . . . The surgeon quickly examined the wound and resolved upon cutting off the wounded limb. Some ether was administered . . . The surgeon snatched the knife from between his teeth, where it had been while his hands were busy, wiped it rapidly once or twice across his blood-stained apron, and the cutting began. The operation accomplished, the surgeon would look around with a deep sigh, and then – ‘Next’!”

Military Prisons No exchange of prisoners after the Emancipation Proclamation Poor conditions, little food in the South

Andersonville Located in Georgia 13,000 out of 45,000 prisoners died Henry Wirz – commander, executed for war crimes after the war

The War Ends

Grant’s Plan Put William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of western armies

Fall of Atlanta August 1864 Sherman moved south of Atlanta to cut the rail lines

Burning of Atlanta

Quote, Sherman “I could cut a swath to the sea and divide the Confederacy in two. [It will be] a demonstration to the world that we have a power that Davis cannot resist. I can make the march, and make Georgia howl!”

March to the Sea War against military and civilians Swept through Georgia and South Carolina Nov. – Dec. 1864

Quote, South Carolinian “All is gloom, despondency and inactivity. Our army is demoralized and the people panic stricken . . . to fight longer seems madness.”

Election of 1864 Lincoln (Republican) George McClellan (Democrat) Victory for Lincoln

Thirteenth Amendment Jan. 31, 1865 Banned slavery in the United States

Appomattox Courthouse Lee blocked by Sheridan’s cavalry The South surrendered on April 9, 1865

Lincoln’s Plan for Re-Union Lincoln outlined how to bring the South back into the Union Determined to include African Americans in southern governments

John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865 Ford’s Theater Booth quietly shot Lincoln in the back of the head