FEDERALISM Ideas and future implications

Overview  Two approaches to federalism – Riker, Elazar  What were their main arguments?  Strength and weaknesses of these approaches  Future implications  Federalism in the US  Understanding EU as a federal polity  Case study from the developing world: India  Questions

Federalism: How they defined the concept Two approaches:  Positive political theory: William H. Riker  testable and tested generalizations  Federalism is a political organization in which the activities of government are divided between regional governments and a central government in such a way that each kind of government has some activities on which it makes final decisions. (William H. Riker)  Comparative analysis approach – Daniel J. Elazar  The combination of „self-rule” plus „shared-rule” in a contractual linkage providing for power sharing.  Federation, Confederation, associated states, leagues,

Federalism: What were their main arguments?  EXPANSION CONDITION VS. MILITARY CONDITION  Origins – Operation – Significance  Focusing on the most pragmatic questions  Self interest / benefits for regional leaders  The EU case  The Iraq case  It is for the contractual non- centralization in the form of structured dispersion of powers  Federation primarily based on political objective (Switzerland at the beginning)  It is for the supportive political culture  It is to balance between cooperation and competition.  Positive political theory  Comparative analysis

Similarities and dissimilarities  Riker largely focus on US federalism to understand the system and model  Riker’s idea is based on hierarchical and center-periphery relationship  But Riker’s idea focus only on federalism.  Elazar at the earliest time focused on US  Elazar tried to understand the federalism as federal system from international perspective  Elazar’s concept is based on a matrix of relationship.  Elazar thinks federalism as a broad generic term used for federation, confederation, unions, asymmetrical arrangements  Positive political theory  Comparative analysis

What are the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches?  US Centric  Investigates federalism throughly in the case of US – centralized from the beginning?  Global perspective  Comparative study focus on different cases – federations and confederations  Positive political theory  Comparative analysis

What are their (approaches) future implications  It is not suitable to understand the new global associations emerged based on trade (EU, SAFTA, AFTA, ASEAN)  This approach focuses on „self- rule and „shared-rule” – to explain the global trends of federalism  For example, in contrast of Rikers approach, the EU, SAFTA, AFTA are going to be federations or confederations based on “self-rule’„shared- rule”  Positive political theory  Comparative analysis

Federalism of the US  National government – State government – State charters  US congress, from Jan 3, 2013 passed 185 laws, and state legislatures passed 24000!  Federalism is important for decentralization of politics and policies - states regulate drinking ages, marriage, speed limits etc.  Riker: Federalism perpetuates racism  Elazar: Federalism allows for growth and change and gives flexibility to the system

Understanding EU as a federal polity  The EU is more than a confederation (confederal federalism)  Significant powers have been transferred to a European level of governance  “The most decentralized federal system”, but Elazar sees it as centralized in terms of bureaucracy (indirectly democratic)  European consociationalism?

 Indian federation is like US where states are more autonomous and on the other hand Indian federation is like Canadian federation where center is more powerful  In normal situation it works like a federal system and in emergency period it works as a unitary system  States can make their own laws when they are not in conflict with center  In Indian federation, there is a single citizenship unlike US  Residuary power ( the power that is not defined anywhere) is reside in the hand of center Case study from the developing world: India

 In Indian case, the federation was established to expand military control.  2.On the other hand, the politicians here accepted the bargain giving up some independence for the sake of union: the threat from China and Pakistan (two war with Pakistan and one with China)  India is the example of constitutional asymmetrical arrangements  The Indian federalism is to heighten nationalism (reducing ethnic conflict) based on self-rule and shared rule to make space for all.  It is a hybrid character of self-rule and share rule.  However, to Elazar, in case of ethnic conflict, confederation has a better chance to sustain than federation. (Exception: India, Malaysia, Switzerland and Canada are surviving for a long time).  Elazar’s approach  Riker’s approach

States vs Centre - Is India's federalism under threat?

Critical Thinking  There may be other perspectives to understand and criticize federal Canada and EU:  the European Union might be characterized as a underdeveloped federation with regard to the extent of its equality commitment (EURO crisis),  Canada constitutes a case of fully developed but incomplete federalism with regard to its lack of inclusiveness (Quebec Separatism).  Same problem in case India. Where there so many separtist movements Hueglin Thomas O., Sui Generis Governance or Federalist Model for the 21 st Century?, Thomas_Hueglin.pdf Accessed on 01/11/ Thomas_Hueglin.pdf

Questions  Which approach (Rikers’ / Elazars’) do you prefer to understand federalism?  What is the difference between federalism in developed (US, Canada) and developing countries (India, Iraq)?  European Union or United States of Europe?

 Volden, Craig (2004). Origin, Operation, and Significance: The Federalism of William H. Riker, in: Publius, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp  Watts, Ronald L. (2000). Daniel J. Elazar: Comparative federalism and post-statism, in: Publius, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp  Youtube  States vs Centre - Is India's federalism under threat? NDTV, accessed on November 01, 2014  Devendra Shukla, Peculiar Features of Indian Federalism accessed on November 01,  Volden, Craig (2004). Origin, Operation, and Significance: The Federalism of William H. Riker, in: Publius, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp  Watts, Ronald L. (2000). Daniel J. Elazar: Comparative federalism and post-statism, in: Publius, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp  Youtube  States vs Centre - Is India's federalism under threat? NDTV, accessed on November 01, 2014  Devendra Shukla, Peculiar Features of Indian Federalism accessed on November 01,

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