Presented to: EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in By: Robert Thorson Date: April 2009 Federal Aviation Administration Reducing Errors During Takeoff and Landing Operations for Vintage and Surplus aircraft

Presented to: EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in By: Robert Thorson Date: April 2009 Federal Aviation Administration Agenda Introduction Why are we here Review of Data

3 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 We are here to reduce the accident rate By reviewing the statistics By education and outreach By risk management application By suggesting best practices and mitigation strategies

4 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Worldwide Warbird Statistics from AAI

5 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 United States Warbird Accidents

6 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Warbird Accidents by Year

7 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Warbird Accidents by type of operation

8 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Warbird Accidents by type of Aircraft

9 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Warbird Accidents by Severity of Injury

10 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 ….“The Education Part” Experience is what you learn shortly after you needed it.

11 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Human Factors …because we are human! Age and Physical Fitness “The Yahoo! Factor” (Loss of inhibition) EGO Habit patterns Awareness

12 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Age and Physical fitness Pilot Age - chronological … actual Flying is a demanding physical sport!! –Physical Conditioning –Heat and dehydration (open cockpit/glass canopy) –Use of Oxygen (CO2, fires, higher altitudes etc.) –Fatigue –Time Zones (effects of cumulative fatigue)

13 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 The Yahoo! Factor The psychological term is a loss of inhibition Watch out for personality traits Beware of peer pressure and the camera! Pushing the envelope New maneuvers without training practice Mentors keep the balance!

14 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 EGO We all have egos. Egos come in varying sizes and shapes! Ego versus peer pressure Add Time / Schedule pressures. Military trained pilots first learn how to keep their egos in check. Discipline

15 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Habit patterns All aircraft takeoff and land on the main tanks…..except? All tail wheel aircraft raise the tail wheel on takeoff……except? I always….. I never…..

16 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Habit Pattern Mitigation Review Systems for each aircraft you fly Review cockpit switches frequently Know what each system does! Practice Emergency procedures Know the mechanical status of your aircraft

17 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Awareness Fit for flight? Or preoccupied. Overly focused? –Wide angle vision –relaxed

18 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Taxi and Takeoff Operations Warbird Briefs- Listen and Learn! Ground Operations are a critical part of Flight Operations Mitigation Strategies: –Performance calculations –Weight and balance –Situational Awareness –S - turns –Progressive taxi instructions –Taxi slowly!

19 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Pattern Entry Towered Air Boss- when waiver is in effect Uncontrolled ! –Slow to pattern speed (MAKE time for decisions) –Enter at proper altitude –360 overhead approach –Maximize outside scanning –Have aircraft configured early

20 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 TRAFFIC PATTERN AIRSPEED MANAGEMENT V+40 V+30 V+20 V+10 V V = MANUFACTURERS RECOMMENDATION OR 1.3 VSO 27

21 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Landings Power off or power on? Manage the Flare Crosswinds Bounced recoveries. Be prepared for Go-arounds

22 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 THE STABILIZED APPROACH THREE DEGREE GLIDE SLOPE (300’ per NM) THRESHOLD RUNWAY Your Decision Scan for situation cues Use knowledge wisely Assess risks Consider consequences Take action, do what is right Your Decision Scan for situation cues Use knowledge wisely Assess risks Consider consequences Take action, do what is right

23 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 A good landing is a good example for everyone! How heavy is the aircraft How long is the runway How long is the runway How fast is the aircraft How fast is the aircraft How wet is the runway How wet is the runway Head / Tailwind Head / Tailwind ‘On Speed’ ‘On Speed’ Respect stabilized approach criteria Respect stabilized approach criteria Height over the threshold Height over the threshold How much braking to use How much braking to use

24 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Taxi Don’t relax now! Half the taxi accidents occur leaving the runway and taxiing back to the ramp! Slowdown!! S-Turns Stop if necessary or unsure Ask for progressive instructions Follow ground marshaller instructions Know proper hand signals

25 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 A Safety Culture includes: –Personal dedication and accountability Individual attitudes and behaviors –Shared vision with structures to attain it Organizational processes, methods and metrics CAF,EAA Warbirds, CJAA –Commitment to improve (resist complacency) Beyond simple adherence to procedures Learning and continuous improvement

26 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 A Safety Culture includes: –Pervasive safety thinking Commitment to excellence Integration of safety into all activities –Climate in which news is quickly and easily communicated Mentoring, organizational articles, web –Committed to investing the time and resources to address risk

27 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Outreach to Pilots The FAA website is a link to all types of information – Every year, the FAASTeam conducts hundreds of safety seminars across the country to encourage safe practices on the airfield and in the air. –

28 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Outreach to Pilots A Safety Alert for Operators (SAFO) is an information tool that alerts, educates, and makes recommendations to the aviation community.Safety Alert for Operators An Information for Operators (InFO) message contains valuable information for operators that should help them meet administrative requirements or certain regulatory requirements with relatively low urgency or impact on safety.Information for Operators

29 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Outreach to Pilots FAA Aviation Safety Inspectors provide regulatory guidance (certification) FAA Safety Team (FAAST)- provide education and outreach and are the ombudsman to industry.FAA Safety Team (FAAST)

30 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Wrap-Up bestworst The best people can make the worst mistakes:INATTENTION,FORGETFULNESS, PREOCCUPATION, …these are the LEAST manageable parts of the error sequence. ERROR PRODUCING SITUATIONS Managing ERROR PRODUCING SITUATIONS is better” Dr. James Reason, Manchester University, UK

31 Federal Aviation Administration EAA Sun & Fun Fly-in April 2009 Questions