1 Physiology Exam 1 Study Chapter 6 Communication & homeostasis

2 What are the two basic physiological signals?

3 -Chemical -Electrical

4 What are the basic methods of cell-cell communication?

5 -Direct cytoplasmic transfer- Gap junctions -Contact-dependent signals -Local communication -Long distance communication

6 Which method of cell-to-cell communication occurs by chemicals that diffuse through the extracellular fluid?

7 -Local Communication

8 This method of cell-to-cell communication involves the transfer of chemical and electrical signals between adjacent cells.

9 -Gap junctions

10 Where would you expect to find Gap Junctions in the body?

11 -Heart -Smooth muscle of the GI tract

12 What are the cells that receive electrical or chemical signals called?

13 -Target Cells

14 What is the simplest form of cell-to-cell communication?

15 -Gap junctions

16 A gap junction forms from the union of membrane- spanning proteins called____.

17 -Connexon

18 When do connected cells function like a synctium?

19 -When the gap junction (connexon) is open.

20 What is the only means by which electrical signals can pass directly from cell to cell?

21 -Gap junctions

22 What method of cell-to-cell communication utilize Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) to transfer signals?

23 -Contact Dependent

24 How is local cell-to-cell communication accomplished?

25 -Paracrine signaling -Autocrine signaling

26 If a chemical signal acts on the cell that secreted it, it is called an _____ signal.

27 -Autocrine

28 If a chemical acts on cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell that secreted it, its is called ____ signal.

29 -Paracrine

30 If a cell secretes chemicals that act on distal cells it is a ____ signal.

31 -Endocrine

32 What is secreted by neurons to act on itself or neighboring cells?

33 -Neuromodulators

34 What are regulatory substances that mediate immune responses?

35 -Cytokines

36 Why are paracrine and autocrine signals only able to reach adjacent cells?

37 -Because both of these signals reach their targets by diffusing through the interstitial fluid. Diffusion is limited by distance.

38 Most long-distance communication between cells is the responsibility of what two organ systems?

39 -Nervous system -Endocrine system

40 An electrical signal travels along a ___ until it reaches the very end of the cell, where it is translated into a ____.

41 Neuron, Neurocrine

42 If a neurocrine diffuses into the blood it is called a ____.

43 Neurohormone

44 If a neurocrine acts more slowly as an autocrine or paracrine signal, it is called a ______.

45 Neuromodulator

46 If a neurocrine has a rapid effect it is called a _____.

47 Neurotransmitter

48 What are Cytokines?

49 Cytokines are regulatory peptides that act close to the site where they secreted.

50 True or False? Cytokines are stored much like hormones?

51 False (Cytokines are produced on demand.)

52 True or False? A cytokine can act as an autocrine and a paracrine.

53 -True

54 Where are receptor proteins located?

55 -Cytosol -Cell membrane -Nucleus

56 This type of receptor mimics the effect of the naturally occuring ligand?

57 -Agonist

58 Which signal molecule is unable to enter the cell?

59 -Lipophobic

60 What are the four classes of membrane receptors?

61 -Ligand-gated ion channels -Intergrin linked to cytoskeleton -G protein-coupled receptor with seven membrane -Receptor Enzyme

62 What is the result of a ligand binding to a ligand gated channel?

63 -Channel opens or closes

64 Which type of regulation results in the reduction in the number of receptors and/or binding affinity for the ligand?

65 Down- regulation

66 What is the result of a ligand binding to a G protein coupled receptor?

67 -The G-protein receptor opens an ion channel or alters enzyme activity

68 Which membrane receptor results in the activation of an intracellular enzyme?

69 -Enzyme receptor

70 Which membrane receptor result in a change to the cytoskeleton?

71 -Intergrin

72 Which of the four categories of membrane receptors do NOT use signal transduction?

73 -Ligand gated

74 Where are receptor proteins located?

75 -Inside the cell or -On the cell membrane

76 Chemical signals fall into what two broad categories?

77 -Lipophillic -Lipophobic

78 Where would you find Target cell receptors?

79 -Nucleus -Cytosol -On the cell membrane

80 If you find target cell receptors on the cell membrane, they are likely to be what type protiens?

81 -Intergral proteins

82 The location where a chemical signal binds to its receptor largely depends on what?

83 -Whether the signal molecule can enter the cell

84 About half of all drugs currently in use act on?

85 -Receptors proteins

86 What is signal transduction?

87 -The process by which an extracellular signal molecule activates a membrane receptor that in turn alters intracellular molecules to create a response.

88 What is a transducer?

89 -A device that convets a signal from one form into a different form.

90 What turns a signal molecule into multiple second messengers?

91 -Signal amplification

92 What is the function of an amplifier enzyme?

93 -An enzyme that activates several more molecules.

94 Place the following words in correct order of signal transduction: * RESPONSE * RECEPTOR * AMPLIFIER * TRANSDUCER * EXTERNAL SIGNAL

95

96 What is protein kinase?

97 -Enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein.

98 What two things can an activated membrane receptor do after it turns on its associated proteins?

99 -Activate protein kinase -Activate amplifier enzymes

100 What is protein kinase?

101 -Enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein.

102 Once created by amplifier enzymes, second messeger molecules do what three things?

103 -Alter gating channels -Increase intracellular calcium -Change enzyme activity

104 What are the three most common amplifier enzymes?

105 -Adenylyl cyclase -Guanylyl cyclase -Phospolipase C

106 Where is the amplifier enzyme Adenylyl cyclase located?

107 -Membrane.

108 What activates Adenylyl cyclase?

109 -G protein- coupled receptor

110 Where is the amplifier enzyme Guanylyl cyclase located?

111 -Membrane -Cytosol

112 What activates Guanylyl cyclase?

113 -Receptor enzyme Nitric Oxide (NO)

114 What are the three categories of second messengers?

115 -Nucleotides -Ions -Lipid-derived

116 Memorize

117 Which second messenger is causes exocytosis, muscle contraction, cytoskeleton movement, channel opening?

118 -Ca 2+

119 Ca 2+ Binds to what?

120 -Calmodulin and other proteins

121 Name the two second messengers that fall under nucleotides

122 -cAMP -cGMP

123 Which second messengers activates protein kinase A, G, C ?

124 -cAMP activates protein kinase A -cGMP activates protein kinase G -DAG activates protien kinase C (there is a C in DAG, Diacylglycerol )

125 Which second messenger releases calcium from intracellular stores?

126 -IP 3

127 Which second messenger(s) effects phosphorylates and alters channel opening ?

128 Both cAMP & cGMP (nucleotides)

129 What are the steps of signal transduction ?

130 1.Signal molecule binds to receptor that 2.Activates a protein that 3.Creates second messengers that 4.Creates a response

131 Name the two regions of receptor enzymes and there locations ?

132 1.Receptor region; extracellular side of cell membrane 2.Enzyme region; on the cytoplasmic side

133 Where are ligand- gated ion channels most often located ?

134 Excitable tissues of nerve and muscle

135 Where are most intracellular Calcium ions stored ?

136 Endoplasmic reticulum

137 What 5 properties are used to compare Neural and Endocrine Control ?

138 1.Specificity 2.Speed 3.Duration of action 4.Coding for stimulus intensity 5.Nature of signal

139 Memorize

140 The duration of action of this type of reflex is usually very short ?

141 Neural Reflex

142 What mediates a longer duration of action for a neural reflex ?

143 Neuromodulators

144 Chemical signals are secreted in the blood for distribution throughout the body by this type of reflex?

145 Endocrine Reflex

146 The response to this type of reflex depends on which cells have receptors for the hormone?

147 Endocrine Reflex

148 Each signal is identical in strength pertaining to this type of reflex?

149 Neural Reflex

150 This type of reflex coding for stimulus intensity is correlated with the amount released?

151 Endocrine Reflex

152 This type of reflex coding for stimulus intensity is correlated with frequency?

153 Neural Reflex

154 Memorize

155 Name the Afferent pathway of an Endocrine Reflex

156 It doesn’t have an Afferent pathway

157 Name the Efferent pathway of an Endocrine Reflex

158 Hormone

159 Name the Integrating center of Neural and Neuroendocrine Reflex

160 Brain or spinal cord

161 Name the intergrating center of an Endocrine Reflex

162 Endocrine Cell

163 Name the Effector(s) of a Neural reflex

164 Muscles & glands, some adipose tissue

165 Name the Effector(s) of a Neuroendocrine reflex

166 Most cells of the body

167 Name the Effector(s) of a Endocrine reflex

168 Most cells of the body

169 Which Reflex response includes contraction and secretion primarily?

170 Neural Reflex

171 Which Reflex sensor or receptor includes special and somatic sensory receptors?

172 Neural Reflex & Neuroendocrine Reflex

173 Match the following: *Food in stomach*Target Cell *Insulin*Stimulus *Spinal Cord & Brain*Classic hormone *Adipose cell*integrating center

174 *Food in stomach= *Stimulus *Insulin = *Classic hormone *Spinal Cord & Brain = *Integrating center *Adipose cell = *Target Cell