Timeline 5 Major Events in World History By: Santiago Vásquez

Axial Age 800 to 200 BC Classical Period 4th to 5th century B.C. ( BC) Dark Ages 10th and 11th century The Renaissance 14 th to the 17 th century. The Enlightenment 18 th century

The Axial Age 800 to 200 BC Was a period of revolutionary thinking that appeared in India, China and the Occident. Three different schools of thought dominate Chinese thinking. These were Taoism, Legalism and Confucianism. They looked for political morality. Sometimes referred as the axis age. Causes A set of transformative religious and philosophical ideas. The development of Chinese Confucianism, Indian Buddhism and Jainism, Persian Zoroastrianism, and Jewish Monotheism. Revolutionary thinking. Wanted to look for political morality. Effects Lay the foundations of Ancient Greek philosophy. The spread of Confucianism into the Korean peninsula and toward Japan. The Greek philosophical tradition, represented by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East in the 4th century BC. The rise of Platonism. Influenced Indian philosophy.

Classical Period 500 to 336 BC Classical period of ancient Greek history, is fixed between about 500 B. C., when the Greeks began to come into conflict with the kingdom of Persia to the east, and the death of the Macedonian king and conqueror Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. In this period Athens reached its greatest political and cultural heights. The Classical period follows the Archaic period and it’s succeeded by the Hellenistic period. Causes Conflicts between the kingdom of Persia and the Greeks. Greek cities, such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. Effects The Delian League. The full development of the democratic system of government under the Athenian statesman Pericles. The building of the Parthenon on the Acropolis. The creation of the tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides. The founding of the philosophical schools of Socrates and Plato. Battle of Plataea. Athens reached its greatest political and cultural heights.

Dark Ages 10 th and 11 th century The cultural and economic deterioration that occurred in Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire. The period was characterized by a scarcity of historical and other written records for much of the period, rendering it obscure to historians. The concept of a Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s, and was originally intended as a criticism of the Late Latin literature. The term "Dark Ages" was originally intended to denote the entire period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance. Causes The cultural and economic deterioration. The decline of the Roman Empire. Effects Petrarch's cultural achievements. Rediscovering and republishing classic Latin and Greek texts. The progressive developments of classical ideals, literature, and art.

The Renaissance 14 th to the 17 th century Was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. It is said that the Renaissance began in Florence, Tuscany in the 14th century. The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation. Causes The social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time. The migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Believed it was caused by the writings of Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, as well as the painting of Giotto di Bondone. Effects A flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources. The development of linear perspective in painting. Artistic developments. Contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Affected European intellectual life in the early modern period.

The Enlightenment 18 th century Was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. The center of the Enlightenment was France, where it was based in the salons and culminated in the great Encyclopédie. This period was called the Enlightenment because it pretended to illuminate the world with the use of reason. Causes They wanted to promote intellectual interchange. Opposition against the intolerance and abuses of the Church and state. Their desire to use the gift of reason to explain their natural world. Effects Political ideals influenced the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish–Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, Contributions by hundreds of leading philosophes such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu. Influenced Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, among many others. Played a major role in the American Revolution.

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