R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be” - George Orwell CP551 Sustainable Development

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Module 6: Energy and Transport for economic and human development, and their impact on Sustainable Development.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Global primary energy consumption in 2006 ≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x W Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion Global energy consumption per person in x W 6.56 x 10 9 ≈ 2.4 kW Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008) ≈

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008) Primary Energy Consumption in 2006 (in %)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Sources: HDI > 0.8 High per capita electricity consumption is required to reach super high HDI (>0.9).

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Sources: Sustainable limit HDI > 0.8 Unsustainable amount of per capita CO 2 emissions are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Renewable energy are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible. - Dr. Raymond Wright Sustainable energy is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damages to the environment. Source:

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Fossil fuels Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Technological statusmature Average growthoil at 1.3% per year gas at 2.3% per year coal at 1.8% per year Total share of global energy mix in 2007 oil: 37% gas: 25% of electricity coal: 25% in 2030 (potential) oil: 0% gas: 31% of electricity coal: 25% Fossil fuels

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Fossil Fuel Type Reserves–to-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the remaining reserves (most optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at the 2007 level Oil41.6 years Natural Gas60.3 years Coal133 years Fossil fuels Peak OIL

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: Production from Mexico's largest oilfield, Cantarell, fell from 1.99 million b/d in Jan 2006 to 1.44 million b/d in Dec Fossil fuels Peak OIL

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source:

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: Fossil fuels

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Fossil fuels Carbon (dioxide) Capture and Storage (CCS) at Weyburn-Midale CO 2 Project: CO 2 emitted from the coal gasification plant in North Dakota (USA) is captured (rather than vented to the atmosphere). It is then liquefied by compression and pipelined 320 km north to the depleted oilfields in Saskatchewan (Canada). CO 2 so transported is used to enhance oil recovery (225 m 3 of CO 2 to get an extra barrel of oil) from depleted oil fields. It is then separated and re-injected into the depleted oilfields for long time storage. The project was launched in 2000, and the 1 st phase has been completed successfully.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 CCS is controversial since permanent storage of CO 2 underground is not guaranteed Fossil fuels depleted oil and gas reservoir enhanced recovery saline formation Unminable coal beds terrestrial sequestration power station CO 2 capture and separation ocean sequestration

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Fossil fuels CCS in the oceans: inject CO 2 by ship or pipeline into the water column at depths of 1 km or more, and the CO 2 subsequently dissolves. deposit CO 2 directly onto the sea floor at depths greater than 3 km, where CO 2 is denser than water and is expected to form a 'lake' that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the environment. convert the CO 2 to bicarbonates (using limestone) store the CO 2 in solid clathrate hydrates already existing on the ocean floor, or grow more solid clathrate.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Fossil fuels Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (which is very fragile) are not known Capture Dissolution type Lake type Fixed pipelines Moving ships Platform 3 km

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 For energy (electricity and heat), we depend heavily on the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels burning is responsible for about 85% of the anthropogenic CO 2 emissions produced annually, and therefore the major cause for global warming. It also create NO x and SO x pollution. Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy and is expected to be used up within a century from now. Fossil fuel is not a sustainable energy source. Fossil fuels

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source:

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Hydroelectric power

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Hydroelectric power

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Technological statusmature Average growth2% per year Total share of global energy mix 16% of electricity in % of electricity in 2030 (potential) Hydroelectric power

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Hydroelectric power Source: International Energy Annual 2005 (Sept 13, 2007)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Why hydroelectric power? Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Electricity can be generated constantly. Hydroelectric power

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Hydroelectric power The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in Removal of dam will restore the fish habitats, will create an additional 715 acres of terrestrial vegetation, and improve elk habitats. estimated cost $308 million ± 15%

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Hydroelectric power The Three Gorges Dam project in China, when completed by 2011, has a total electric generating capacity of 22,500 MW. The project cost is 39 billion US$. The project used 27,200,000 m 3 of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel and moved about 102,600,000 m 3 of earth. When the water level is maximum at 175 m over sea level (110 m above the river level down stream), the reservoir created is about 660 km in length and 1.12 km in width on average, and contains 39.3 km 3 of water. It has flooded a total of 632 km² area, displaced 1.24 million people, washed away 13 major cities, submerged cultural and archaeological sites, and is causing dramatic ecological changes.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Hydroelectric power The twin Aswan Dams of Nile river have plugged the flooding of the river, and much of the flood and its load of rich fertilizing silt are now deposited in reservoirs instead of the delta. This lack of natural fertilizer has resulted in an increase in erosion of the river and Nile Delta, and an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers have to be imported and thus cost money for the farmers that grow their crops, and it also causes pollution of the surrounding environment due to runoff. The chemical fertilizers contain high levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorous which are harmful because they flow from the cropland to the water.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 What are the problems with hydroelectric power? barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements The future generations must pay for destroying dams Hydroelectric power Is it a sustainable form of energy?

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Nuclear Energy

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Nuclear Energy

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Technological statusmature Average growth0.7% per year Total share of global energy mix 16% of electricity in % of electricity in 2030 (potential) Nuclear Energy

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Nuclear Energy An isotope of Uranium, 235 U, is used as the reactor fuel. A neutron striking a 235 U nucleus gets absorbed into it and 236 U is created. 236 U is unstable and this causes the atom to fission. The fissioning of 236 U can produce over twenty different products. Eg: 235 U + 1 neutron 3 neutrons + 89 Kr Ba + ENERGY Examples of fission products: 90 Sr and 137 Cs (halflife 30 years) 126 Sn (halflife of 230,000 years, but low yield)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: nuclear_reactors/ Nuclear Energy Heat to Work paradigm

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 IAEA2000

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Nuclear fission energy is the best CO 2 emissions- free energy source so far. IAEA2000

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission provides 16% of the world electricity production and 7% of the total energy consumption. Current usage of uranium is about 65,000 t/yr. The world's present measured resources of uranium in the cost category somewhat below present spot prices is about 5.5 Mt. They could last for over 80 years at the current usage rate. Nuclear energy is therefore not a renewable energy source. Source:

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Nuclear Energy Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants could remain radioactive for hundreds of future generations. Uranium is available on earth only in limited quantities. Uranium is being converted during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations. Therefore nuclear power is not a sustainable source of energy.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Fusion Energy The D-T Fusion Reaction Nuclei of two isotopes of hydrogen, naturally occuring deuterium ( 2 H) and synthetically produced tritium ( 3 H) react to produce a helium (He) nucleus and a neutron (n). In each reaction, 17.6 MeV of energy (2.8 pJ) is liberated 2 H + 3 H 4 He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Fusion Energy Sun energy comes from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. It happens at very high temperatures generated owing to the massive gas cloud shrinking under its own gravitational force.

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Technological statusresearch phase Major challengemake ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) a success Major barrierimmense investments in research and development are needed Total share of global energy mix 0% of electricity in 2007 Possible adverse effects worn-out reactors will be radioactive for years, but there is no long-lived radioactive waste Fusion Energy