Nationalism as a Divider Three examples of how nationalism divided nations.

The Russians The Russians were a multi-ethnic society. They needed autocratic rule to keep things together. Forced industrialization in the later Tsarist eras. They promoted Pan-Slavism

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism! Begins the process of serf emancipation.

Nicolas (Cont.) Fought Persian War in 1826 and Russo- Turkish War in 1828 Gains Armenia and Balkan territory respectively.

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863]. Russification begins

Alexander II Oppressive to dissidents Sold Alaska to US. Russo-Turkey War v. 2.0 - 1877 Assassinated by explosives March 13, 1881

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program continued Jews  forced migration to the Pale

The Crimean War Fought originally over who controlled Christians in Holy Land – Russia or France. Really a check on Russia’s continued expansion Mostly fought in Black Sea / Baltic Sea areas First “Modern War” Rifled Barrells, Miniball Bullets, War Correspondents, Pictures, Nurses, Telegraphs, Railroads.

The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred… A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Treaty of Paris [1856] No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Battle over Port Arthur – Warm water port in Asia. Russians lost two major fleets to the Japanes single fleet. Japanese captured Port Arthur by 1905 and decimated the Russians. Peace treaty – Treaty of Portsmouth – Negotiated by T.R. Russia lost territory and influence in Asia.

Key Result Russia loses tons of money and military power. Helps cause the Revolution of 1905 in Russia. Japan becomes emboldened and begins taking over areas left and right. Japanese and Washington Naval Conference (1905)

Hapsburg Empire – Shifting Allegience Hapsburgs facing multi-ethnic society now enraged with Nationalism – 1848. Lost Austro-Prussian war in 1866 – humiliating. Weak Hapsburg ruler ship

The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

The Ottoman Empire In 1500’s - 1600’s, under Suleiman and Sultan Osman, the Ottomans were a feared organization By 1800’s, they were a weak power trying to hang on. Tried to reform under Mahmud II with the Tanzimat – reform Modernized factories, modern conscripted army, banking reforms,

Loss of Territories and Wars in Late 1800’s 1821 – Greek Independence 1856 – Crimean War Ends 1875 – Serbia, Montenegro, Wallachia, Moldova declare independence 1877-78 – Lose the Russo-Turkish War 1878 – Bulgaria gains independence 1878 – Cyprus / Egypt to the British 1904-1916 – Armenian Genocide in Turkery – 500,000 to 1.5 million dead

Ottoman Nationalism The loss of colonies, Crimean War, constant fights with British and Russians led to destabilization. Young Turks - 1908 Kemal Attaturk WWI – sided with Germany over Berlin to Baghdad RR Arab Revolt, Crimean Revolt, loss in WWI sealed fate of empire. Changed by 1920 under Treaty of Sevres

Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” Created a secular government called the Turkish Republic