PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 6 The Muscular System
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for body movements Muscular Tissues: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Muscles Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings All muscles share some terminology Calat - insertedCollated, intercalated Endo - insideEndosteum, endomysium Epi - outsideEpidermis, epimysium Hyper - over, moreHyperextension Inter - betweenIntersection Myo - musclemyofibril Peri - coveringPeriosteum, perimysium Sarco - fleshSarcomere Superficial - above Tetan - StiffTetanus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Table 6.1 (1 of 2)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Table 6.1 (2 of 2)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Most are attached by tendons to bones Cells are multinucleate Striated—have visible banding Voluntary—subject to conscious control
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue (recall cell = fiber) Endomysium—encloses a single muscle fiber Perimysium—wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers Epimysium—covers the entire skeletal muscle Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Attachments Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment Tendons—cord-like structures Often cross a joint
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Attachments Sites of muscle attachment Bones Cartilages Connective tissue coverings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Functions Produce movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemma—plasma membrane Myofibrils—long proteins inside muscle cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum—specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber Organization of the sarcomere Myofilaments Thick filaments = myosin filaments Thin filaments = actin filaments
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Stores and releases calcium Surrounds the myofibril
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.4a The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Figure 6.4b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Neuromuscular junction Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Figure 6.5a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Figure 6.5b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Figure 6.5c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin filament and pull them toward the center of the sarcomere This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Figure 6.7a–b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory Figure 6.8a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory Figure 6.8b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory Figure 6.8c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Initially, muscles use stored ATP for energy ATP bonds are broken to release energy Only 4–6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Aerobic respiration Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (ATP) This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen A series of metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Figure 6.10b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast Huge amounts of glucose are needed Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Figure 6.10c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints Functions of joints Hold bones together Allow for mobility
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joints Generally immovable Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable Synovial joints Freely moveable
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Joint Classes [Insert Table 5.3 here] Table 5.3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Example : Sutures
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints Figure 5.28a–b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by cartilage Example : Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints Figure 5.28c–e
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Joining bones are separated by a joint cavity Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Ligaments reinforce the joint
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Figure 5.28f–h
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Synovial Joint Figure 5.29
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30a–c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30d–f
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 6 The Muscular System
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Brings two bones closer together Hinge joints Extension Opposite of flexion Increases angle between two bones Hyperextension
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Rotation Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis Common in ball-and-socket joints Example is when you move atlas around the axis (shake your head “no”)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline Adduction Opposite of abduction Movement of a limb toward the midline
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Circumduction (in a circle) Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Common in ball-and-socket joints
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements of the foot Dorsiflexion Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin Plantar flexion Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13e
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Inversion Turn sole of foot towards middle (medially) Eversion Turn sole of foot to the side (laterally)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13f
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Supination Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces forward (anteriorly) Pronation Forearm rotates medially so palm faces backward (posteriorly)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13g
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Opposition Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13h
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forwards and Backwards Chin Protraction - Moving a part forward Retraction - Moving a part backward
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Raising and Lowering Shoulders Elevation - Raising a part Depression - Lowering a part
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity Table 6.2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone Muscles are attached to at least two points Origin Attachment to a moveable bone Insertion Attachment to an immovable bone
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements Figure 6.12
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Muscles Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles By direction of muscle fibers Example : Rectus (straight) By relative size of the muscle Example : Maximus (largest)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles By location of the muscle Example : Temporalis (temporal bone) By number of origins Example : Triceps (three heads)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion Example : Sterno (on the sternum) By shape of the muscle Example : Deltoid (triangular) By action of the muscle Example : Flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arrangement of Fascicles Figure 6.14
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head and Neck Muscles Facial muscles Frontalis—raises eyebrows Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and protrudes the lips Buccinator—flattens the cheek, chews Zygomaticus—raises corners of the mouth Chewing muscles Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates mandible Temporalis—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head and Neck Muscles Neck muscles Platysma—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck, rotates the head
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head and Neck Muscles Figure 6.15
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Anterior muscles Pectoralis major—adducts and flexes the humerus Intercostal muscles External intercostals—raise rib cage during inhalation Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Muscles of the abdominal girdle Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing) External and internal obliques—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally Transversus abdominis—compresses abdominal contents
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Posterior muscles Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the humerus Erector spinae—back extension Quadratus lumborum—flexes the spine laterally Deltoid—arm abduction
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Upper Limb Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes elbow Brachialis—elbow flexion Brachioradialis—weak muscle Triceps brachii—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Gluteus maximus—hip extension Gluteus medius—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking Iliopsoas—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect Adductor muscles—adduct the thighs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Sartorius—flexes the thigh Quadriceps group—extends the knee Rectus femoris Vastus muscles (three)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot Tibialis anterior—dorsiflexion and foot inversion Extensor digitorum longus—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot Fibularis muscles—plantar flexion, everts the foot Soleus—plantar flexion
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6.20a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6.20b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles: Anterior Figure 6.21
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles: Posterior Figure 6.22
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.3 (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.3 (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.3 (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.4 (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.4 (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.4 (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intramuscular Injection Sites Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d