Unit 7 PUNIC WARS

ROMAN MILITARY ADVANCEMENTS Four Phases of Roman Republic Warfare: 1. Hand to Hand Combat – Founded by Romulus 2. 500s B.C. – Greek Phalanx 3. Samnite Wars (300s B.C. ) – Maniple Legions 4. 100s B.C. – Removed Property Qualifications (FULL time professional army)

Why “Punic” Wars? The conflict was called the "Punic War" because Rome's name for Carthaginians was Punici (older Phoenici, due to their Phoenician ancestry).

ROMAN ARMY’S TRANSITION Greek Phalanx What were its advantages? Disadvantages? HINT….think guerilla warfare MANIPLE SYSTEM: “A phalanx with joints” Much more mobile Layered by experience Poor in the front, wealthier in the back (usually) Based on “time-release” freshness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJPq9sIOsuE

ROMAN GLORIFICATION OF VICTORY Almost unlimited manpower Ferocity in battle, generous in defeat Plunder and Triumphs Controlled individual ambition Displayed wealth of the conquered city Sometimes used as a political stepping-stone

CAESAR’S TRIUMPH http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGYI1UHK5jM Julius Caesar’s “Gallic Triumph” over Vercingetorix and the Gauls in 45 B.C.

CARTHAGE Mediterranean power Controlled N. Africa, Spain and other Mediterranean islands At her height, had power over 3-4 million subjects Dominated the sea with their advanced Navy

FIRST PUNIC WAR

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR Punic Wars Overview Begin at :50 CREATIVE ASSEMBLY VIDEO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbBHk_zLTmY

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR 264-241 B.C. Rome is dominating Italy But, what don’t they have…? Accepts a treaty with Carthage But, it didn’t last…. Issue over the straits of Messana, Mamertines appealed to Carthage, then appealed to Rome What were some of the reasons Rome would choose to go to war?

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR IN A NUTSHELL “A gang of ex-mercenaries turned brigands seized Messana to exploit it people and its natural resources for its own enrichment. Faced under the threat of falling under the domination of Hiero of Syracuse and losing their privileged status, the Mamertines turned to the Carthaginians for help. Soon finding their arrangement unsatisfactory, they invited the Romans to help them instead. The Romans had recently recovered one of their own cities, Regium from a similar band of adventurers whom they considered so reprehensible that they had taken them to Rome for public execution. But in spite of this, they accepted the Mamertines invitation and occupied Messana. The temptation to acquire a foothold in Sicily and secure the straits in the face of Carthaginian unpreparedness clearly overcame all moral considerations It was an example of blatant opportunism. Though they greatly underestimated the consequences, the Romans had the muscle and they used it.” Sir Nigel Bagnall, The Punic Wars

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR Rome is winning on land, but losing on the sea… So, they take a land battle to the sea! Rome captures a Carthaginian quinquereme and copy it They make 100 in only 60 days! They included the Roman “corvus” Rome gained momentum, but disaster struck as they entered the African coast Battle of the Aegadian islands (241 B.C.) finally destroyed a large Carthaginian fleet Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome, Syracuse remained an independent ally of Rome

ROMAN CORVUS

SECOND PUNIC WAR READING QUIZ 1. What was the name of the man who led the Carthaginians against Rome in the Second Punic War? 2. In his offensive, he crossed what geographical landmark? 3. Who was the most successful Roman military commander in the Second Punic War? He was awarded the name “Africanus” following the war.

HAMILCAR BARCA 275 – 228 B.C. Very successful general of First Punic War Resented Carthaginian Senate HATED Rome Father of Hannibal

PRELUDE TO SECOND PUNIC WAR Rome has transformed to a Mediterranean juggernaut following the conflict End of the “golden age” of Roman morality Plundering and debauchery New military class rules Rome Hamilcar and the Barca family are building an independent empire in Spain When confronted, Hamilcar told Rome that he was paying off war debts from First Punic War Romans are too busy fighting the Gauls and the Illyrians to both with Hamilcar BIG MISTAKE!!

PRELUDE TO SECOND PUNIC WAR 228 B.C. Hamilcar drowns crossing a river in Spain Hasdrubal the Fair (son-in- law) takes over, establishes New Carthage 226 B.C. Rome and Carthage sign Ebro treaty Ebro river is border between the two Saguntum (Roman ally) lays 100 miles South of river…..

SECOND PUNIC WAR PHASE 1

SECOND PUNIC WAR 221 B.C. - Hasdrubal the Fair dies Hannibal (Hamilcar’s eldest) take over VERY POPULAR Grew up in the military 219 B.C. - Hannibal sieges Saguntum, they turn to Rome for help Carthage declares war

SECOND PUNIC WAR Beginnings of the Second Punic War http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf0-Yki5p40

HANNIBAL’S TREK ACROSS THE ALPS 218 B.C. Rome’s consuls: Cornelius Scipio Sempronius Longus Hannibal wants a DIRECT invasion of Italy! 90,000 infantry About 50,000 by the time he reached the Alps 12,000 cavalry 67 war elephants Exits with about 25,000 men Scipio heads back to the Po valley to defend themselves against the invasion

“Hannibal: Rome’s Worst Enemy” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1BKxeKtieM 18:15 – 29:00

BATTLE OF TICINUS November 218 B.C. Mainly a cavalry engagement Victory for Hannibal Scipio is wounded in battle and is saved by his son Scipio Africanus (then only 18 years old) IMPORTANCE: Gauls begin to support Hannibal Sempronius Longus travels back to Italy to support Scipio

BATTLE OF THE TREBIA December 218 B.C. Sempronius Longus wants to fight Hannibal Why?? Hannibal sends cavalry out in the morning to attack the Roman camp Why? Romans swim across the Trebia River Romans are routed by Hannibal, fear an invasion of Rome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQUKxSb5MxQ

SECOND PUNIC WAR – PART THREE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT_rev5VAQc

BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENE June 217 B.C. Marches through the Ambro marshes This takes 4 days! Gaius Flaminius is consul Baited into a narrow pass One of the most successful ambushes in military history http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGlo6QowOIM

QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS 217 B.C. Last official dictator of Rome “Fabian tactics” What are these? Why did they frustrate the Romans? Romans call on Marcus Minucius Rufus Hannibal spares Fabius’ lands Why?

HANNIBAL’S ESCAPE 217 B.C. Valley of Campana Hannibal is heading to Capua, hoping to gain them as allies 8 passes, 5 occupied by Rome Rome blocked the other three passes Oxen with torches Hannibal escapes, Fabius is humiliated Minucius becomes “co-dictator”…..

BATTLE OF CANNAE August 216 B.C. Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Gaius Terentius Varro are consuls Varro is VERY aggressive and wants battle, Paulus is cautious of the Numidian cavalry Varro ditches the maniple system condenses his forces Hannibal puts his weakest men in the center and baits the Romans into his trap…. Rome is outflanked and the Numidian cavalry closes the only escape….. IMPORTANCE: High point of the war for Hannibal He didn’t march on Rome!! Rise of Scipio Africanus Some Roman soldiers could lift their arms to fight Some even suffocated themselves in the sand!! Eisenhower referred to Cannae as a “work of art” Norman Schwarztkopf U.S. commander in the Persian Gulf War used Hannibal’s tactics against the insugents ROMAN CASULATIES: Aemilius Paulus 29 military tribunes 80 men of senatorial rank Former Master of Horse Marcus Minucius Rufus

“Hannibal: Rome’s Worst Enemy” 39:45 – 59:33 Trebia - Cannae

SECOND PUNIC WAR PHASE 2

ROME ADJUSTS Old Roman elite is replaced by new elite How is the new elite different? Lower youngest eligible age, raised oldest eligible age for military service Hannibal doesn’t attack Rome!! What does he decide to do instead? Hannibal told Hasdrubal to continue to fight in Spain How would this help the Carthaginian cause? 211 B.C. Gnaeus and Publius Scipio both lose to Hasdrubal in Spain and die Fortunately, the Romans are gaining ground in Sicily at this time…

SIEGE OF SYRACUSE 214-212 B.C. Archimedes!! Rome laid a 2 year siege of Syracuse Syracuse eventually surrenders, Archimedes is killed. Rome is set loose on the city and their savagery was shameful to Rome CLAW OF ARCHIMEDES BURNING MIRROR

SECOND PHASE Summarization “The experience of Capua and Tarentum was repeated ad-nauseum for the next few years. The Carthaginians would take a city and move on. The Romans would follow behind and turn it to the Roman fold. Hannibal would then be forced to backtrack and fight for land he had already taken or give up what he had gotten and hope for better luck the next time around. The two armies occasionally came into direct contact, sometimes Hannibal would win, sometimes the Romans. But victories no longer came in the form of annihilation of armies, but rather strategic withdrawals and prudent retreats. And in this way….5 years passed.” - Mike Duncan, The History of Rome

SCIPIO AFRICANUS 236-183 B.C. Son of Publius Scipio Volunteered to take over the legions in Spain VERY charismatic “out-think” instead of “out-fight” 206 B.C. – Battle of Ilipia Scipio switches his flanks, destroys the 50,000 strong Carthaginian army Creates a “Cult of Personality” in Rome!!

BATTLE OF METAURUS Scipio is ecstatic by this victory Spring 207 B.C. Hasdrubal takes 30,000 men to Italy He was hoping to link up with Hannibal Hannibal did not have the men, money or resources to continue to fight in Italy 20,000 Carthaginians died or captured Hannibal is left alone in Italy… Scipio then wins successive battles in N. Africa Scipio is ecstatic by this victory He convinces the Senate to allow him to invade Africa Why would he want to do this?

BATTLE OF ZAMA October 202 B.C. Rome has gained the Numidian cavalry Carthaginians: 50,000 Romans: 35,000 Carthage’s army was full of raw, untrained recruits Scipio uses Hannibal’s own methods from Cannae to defeat Hannibal HUGE victory for Rome, ends the Second Punic War

“Hannibal: Rome’s Worst Enemy” 1:13:39 – END Scipio’s victory – end of the Second Punic War