November 16, 2009 BReading Ch. 13 BYES, we will have class on FRIDAY Antarctic team to drill for 100-year-old scotch WELLINGTON, New Zealand - A beverage company has asked a team to drill through Antarctica's ice for a lost cache of some vintage Scotch whiskey that has been on the rocks since a century ago. The drillers will be trying to reach two crates of McKinlay and Co. whiskey that were shipped to the Antarctic by British polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton as part of his abandoned 1909 expedition. A sample of the 100-year-old scotch will undergo a series of tests that could decide whether to relaunch the now-defunct Scotch. "I really hope we can get some back here," the expedition leader was quoted as telling London's Telegraph newspaper. "It's been laying there lonely and neglected. It should come back to Scotland where it was born.

Last time…late Paleozoic BPhysical Setting Absaroka transgression Cyclothem formation  Coal swamps Cratonic deformation  Ouachita-Marathon belt  Alleghanian orogeny Formation of Pangea

Marine Seafloor BCarbonate reef-like Echinoderms  Crinoids and blastoids Rugosids (corals) New bryozoans  fenestellids New brachiopods  productids

Water Column BRay-finned fishes BSharks Xenacanth-vertebrate predator BAmmonoids Invertebrate predators BForaminfera Replaced graptolites Fusulinids—excellent index fossil

Land Plants BCoal-bearing swamps floodplains, deltas Spore-bearing plants  Lycopsids  Sphenopsids  Tree ferns BSeed-bearing plants Primitive gymnosperms  Both male and female cones –Glossopteris

Land Animals BLoads of insects! arthropods BAmphibians Developed predator features Water dependent for eggs 3 groups BFirst reptiles evolved amniotic egg

Paleozoic Reptiles BProtorothyrids (reptiles) Diversified to turtles, snakes, crocs Insects and fish BSynapsids (mammal-like) Larger in size Carnivores; few herbivores Most famous were pelycosaurs  Fin backed

Permian Mass Extinction BDevastated 90-95% all marine species Wiped out ‘Paleozoic fauna’ BLand plants shifted to more gymnosperms B~75% vertebrate families went extinct