Sustainable Agricultural and Natural Resources Management Collaborative Research Support Program North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Adoption of Intergrated Vegetable- Agroforestry System (VAF) among Smallholder Upland Farmers in the Philippines Adoption of Intergrated Vegetable- Agroforestry System (VAF) among Smallholder Upland Farmers in the Philippines ANTHONY M. PENASO, JUDITH D. INTONG MARIA EMILY S. DAMAG, ROBIN R. MARSH MANUEL R. REYES

Sustainable Agricultural and Natural Resources Management Collaborative Research Support Program North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asian Watersheds

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University SANREM CRSP TMPEGS (SOUTHEAST ASIA) SCIENTISTS

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University INTRODUCTION  World population is about 6.5 billion (Levine, 2005) and is estimated to increase by 73 million people per year. Levine, 2005Levine, 2005  About 800 million people are hungry, of whom 95% are in developing countries (Future Harvest Centers, 2004a). Future Harvest Centers, 2004aFuture Harvest Centers, 2004a  In East and Southeast Asia (SEA) about 1.7 billion persons are living on less than US$ 1/day (CIMMYT, 2001). CIMMYT, 2001CIMMYT, 2001

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University INTRODUCTION  Furthermore, available resources such as land and water have been rapidly diminishing. This project seeks to alleviate poverty, food scarcity, and reduce environmental degradation in SEA by combining economically-viable and resource- conserving technologies, and gender friendly socio-economic policies that benefit and reward stakeholders in a watershed, especially small- scale farmers both women and men (SSFWM).

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University INTRODUCTION  The hypothesis to be tested is ‘integrating vegetable production in the agroforestry system on small farms will help to alleviate poverty and enhance environmental protection, sustainability, and ecosystem biodiversity in SEA watersheds.’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University INTRODUCTION  Another closely related hypothesis is ‘integrating agroforestry in a vegetable production system on small farms will help to alleviate poverty and enhance environmental protection, sustainability, and ecosystem biodiversity in SEA watersheds.’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University PHILIPPINE SITE: LANTAPAN, BUKIDNON

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  Lantapan is considered the vegetable basket of southern Philippines. The municipality of Lantapan is located in a river valley that is crossed by Mindanao’s major north-south highway some 15 km south of Malaybalay, Bukidnon’s provincial capital, and 100 km southeast of Cagayan de Oro City, the closest city and port.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  The left bank of the Manupali River bounds Lantapan on the south, and a major protected area, the Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park (MKNRP) on the north. Lantapan is wholly contained within the Manupali watershed.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  In 1992, the Manupali watershed was declared “critical” by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), making it subject to restricted development and conservation.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  Lantapan has a total land area of 35,465 hectares. Of this, 21,215 hectares are classified as alienable and disposable lands, while 14,250 hectares are public lands. Lantapan has an average elevation of 600 m, which increases as one proceeds northwest to MKNRP to a maximum of 2,938 m.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  About 70 per cent of the area has slopes greater than 10%. Soil types are generally classified as Adtuyon and Kidapawan clays, which are mostly well drained. The average annual rainfall is 2,470 mm.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  Lantapan’s population has been rapidly increasing. It was projected that the 2000 population would triple by Lantapan has an agriculturally based economy. Up to the early 90’s, ninety per cent of the households have been dependent on smallholder farming.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  However, this changed since two large corporations started banana production in the late 1990s. It is estimated that about 60 per cent of the total labor force of Lantapan are now employed in commercial agricultural enterprises.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  The on-going shift to large-scale commercial agriculture pushed the smallholders to farm smaller plots in less productive and more environmentally fragile areas.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  Lantapan’s pattern of agricultural expansion involved the replacement of forest and permanent crops by annual crops. The spread of vegetable cropping is common in high altitude and steeply sloping areas.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TECHNOLOGY  Develop economically viable and ecologically-sound integrated vegetable- agroforestry (VAF) systems to increase farm productivity and income, and reduce vulnerability and risks

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University THE RESEARCH PROGRAM OBJECTIVES: T – ECHNOLOGY M – ARKETS P – OLICY E – NVIRONMENTAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS IMPACTS G – ENDER S – CALING UP

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University What was accomplished (Philippines)? Technology: V – Vegetable AgroforestryV – Vegetable Agroforestry I- Introduction of new vegetable varieties and indigenous vegetablesI- Introduction of new vegetable varieties and indigenous vegetables Drip IrrigationDrip Irrigation Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management No-TillageNo-Tillage

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University MARKETS  Conduct market value chain research at the local, regional, and national levels that builds upon existing marketing strategies and develop interventions to overcome constraints and make use of opportunities

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University POLICY  Identify policy options and institutional frameworks that promote sustainability of vegetable-agroforestry production and reward environmental services

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS  Assess the short and long-term environmental and socio-economic impacts of integrated vegetable- agroforestry systems

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University GENDER  Provide mechanisms to improve the socioeconomic well-being of women engaged in vegetable production and agroforestry enterprises especially in terms of income and labor share, and to involve them in decisions that concern their welfare.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University SCALING-UP  Build host country capacity in managing integrated vegetable-agroforestry system and packaging related technical, social/economic and institutional innovations for replication and scaling up to other watersheds in the region

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University VAF ADOPTION STUDY  The general objective of the study is to determine the adoption behavior among smallholder upland farmers in Barangay Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines towards integrated VAF system and to establish feedback mechanism between farmers and technologists.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES  Specifically, it aims to: (1) monitor technology adoption rate and innovativeness of smallholder upland farmers; (2) assess income realized from technology adoption (through guided self- reporting and validation) ;

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (3) determine the influence of technology adoption on women, men, and youth members of the household, including labor demand and food security, and on management of soil, water and other natural resources; and (4) identify problems met in technology adoption for immediate feedback to the SANREM technology team.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University PROJECT DURATION START: October 1, 2007 October 1, 2007END: Sept. 30, 2009 Sept. 30, 2009

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University METHODOLOGY  Participatory monitoring and evaluation using a semi- structured monitoring form is employed where fifty (50) farmer cooperators selected in the baseline study do self- recording and reporting of pertinent information relative to adoption of integrated VAF system.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University METHODOLOGY  Monitoring by researchers is done twice a year (per cropping season). In addition, information received is communicated in timely fashion to the technical field staff to facilitate adaptation to account for farmer adoption constraints.

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STATUS  Conducted participatory monitoring and evaluation for the second cropping period, CY 2007 (July – December 2007) last January 2007

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STATUS  Presented project concerns during the 3 rd Global Annual Meeting of SANREM-CRSP help at Splash Mountain Resort and oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna on May 26-29, 2008)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STATUS  The second round of monitoring and evaluation for the first cropping period, CY (January – June 2008) will be conducted this month of July 2008

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University The End