Agenda Introductions Introductions Syllabus Syllabus Policy Review Policy Review What is Biotechnology? What is Biotechnology? General Biology General Biology Assignment Assignment

One who asks a question is a fool for five minutes; One who does not ask a question remains a fool forever.

Have you ever... … Had a “flu shot”? … received an insulin injection? … taken a home pregnancy test? … taken penicillin? … eaten bread or cheese?

The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds the most discoveries, is not "Eureka!" (I found it!) but "That's funny..." ~Isaac Asimov The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds the most discoveries, is not "Eureka!" (I found it!) but "That's funny..." ~Isaac Asimov

BIOTECHNOLOGY: the use of living organisms or their products to …

Applications of Biotech 1.Medical Treatment Diagnosis Cure? 2. Forensic 3. Agricultural Food production 4.Evolutionary Studies

In US… 1,473 biotechnology companies Biotech industry Biotech industry employed 198,

The Biotech Industry $51 billion a year industry (2005) $51 billion a year industry (2005) 165 drugs and vaccines 165 drugs and vaccines –(370 in clinical trials) U.S. revenues $8 billion in U.S. revenues $8 billion in to $39.2 billion in to $39.2 billion in 2003.

Fig 22.2b Testing for the expanded trinucleotide repeat regions in the huntingtin gene that are responsible for Huntington’s disease by PCR. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Credit: from Cell 72: Fig. 7 March 26, 1993, Copyright © 1993 Cell Press Diagnosis of Huntington’s Disease

Activase (tissue plasminogen activator)heart attack Humulin (Insulin)diabetes Engerix-B (Hepatitis B Vaccine)hepatitis B infection Epogen (erythropoietin)anemia HerceptinBreast Cancer Reoprocardiac ischemia Benefixhemophilia Rituxannon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Medicinal Applications -Approved Drugs ProductIndication

Study of genetic variation underlying differential responses to drugs

Gene Therapy Insert the working gene into the cells of patient 10 Plus years ago… Ashi DeSilva Enzyme deficiency No Immune System

Reproductive Cloning

An eight-cell human pre-embryo. An eight-cell human pre-embryo. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Credit: Courtesy Susan Lanzendorf, Ph.D., Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine/Eastern Virginia Medical School Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

Fig DNA fingerprints prepared from DNA isolated from a bloodstain at the site of a crime and from blood obtained from three individuals suspected of committing the crime. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Credit: Courtesy of Cellmark Diagnostics, Germantown, Maryland. Forensic Applications

Plant and Animal Applications Pesticide Herbicide Resistance Growth Shelf-life Resistance to infection Production of ‘human’ protein Better growth

Ecology and Evolutionary Studies Environment

Industrial Applications Paper Production Paper Production Food Industry Food Industry Tanning Tanning Fuel Fuel

APPLICATIONS Bread Wine Selective Breeding (Plants and Animals) Cheese Reproductive cloning Genetic fingerprinting Medicine Agricultural purposes (food processing)

Applications Continued Gene therapy Pollution Control (Bioremediation) Mining Energy Production Forestry Aquaculture

A SHORT HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY: Neolithic Age: Move from hunting/gathering to agricultural lifestyle save the seeds of the best specimens yeast for fermenting foods and beverages Robert Hook coined term ‘cell’, thought the function of cell was transport 1675Leeuwenhook enhanced microscopes first to observe bacteria and sperm ‘mysterious male contribution stimulating egg to grow’

1859 Charles Darwin Natural Selection as Means of Evolution Galapagos Island Populations change as they adapt to environment New species! GENE – Never heard of it. 1866: Gregor Mendel Principles of Heredity Originated the Science of Genetics Two copies of each ‘factor’ GENE- What you talkin about Willis?

1869Miescher discovers/isolates DNA 1928 Frederic Griffith DNA is ‘transforming principle’ 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty genetic material is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 194? Chargaff A = T and G = C 1953 Wilkins and Franklin X-ray crystallographs of DNA 1953 Watson and Crick double helix structure of DNA

1971Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer, Paul Berg Recombinant DNA technology Boyer becomes co-founder of Genentech,Inc. makes recombinant insulin First rDNA pharmaceutical (insulin) approved for use in the U.S. 1983Kary Mullis develops PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 1985: First environmental release of genetically engineered microorganisms ("ice-minus" bacteria) approved in the U.S. 1997:Cloning of Dolly 2000: Human Genome Project Complete

Assignment Create a Profile in WebBoard Create a Profile in WebBoard Biotech News Biotech News

It is never to late to become What you might have been. -George Eliot

Numbers 10 billion 10 billion –Number of cells humans replace every day

Scientific Thought for the Day Causative? Coincidental (Bystander)? Consequence?

Quote A Mind Stretched by a New Idea Never Returns to Its Original Dimensions Oliver Wendell Holmes Oliver Wendell Holmes