Landform Geography Fluvial Systems and Landforms.

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Presentation transcript:

Landform Geography Fluvial Systems and Landforms

Overland Flow & Drainage Basins Hydraulic Geometry & Channel Flow Fluvial Processes & Landforms Human Interactions with Streams

Overland Flow Perennial Streams – water runs all year Ephemeral Streams – water runs only part of year Sources of stream water: –Groundwater –Melting Ice –Surface Runoff

Drainage Basins Drainage Basin – area contributing groundwater and runoff to a stream Drainage basins are divided from each other by topographic barriers called watersheds Drainage Divide – elevated terrain forming rim around a drainage basin Drainage basins vary tremendously in size Basins are nested, smaller within larger

Small, Nested Drainage Basins

Common Drainage Pattern Types

Major US Watersheds

Drainage Density Total length of all streams Drainage Density = Area of drainage basin

Stream Ordering Represents stream size Smallest streams in basin order 1 – order rises when 2 streams of same order come together at confluence

Hydraulic Geometry Geometric attributes of river channels Variables: –w = channel width –d = channel depth –v = velocity of water –s = slope (steepness) also called gradient –Q = discharge (amt of water flowing) –Q = w x d x v (units m 3 /s or ft 3 /s)

Hydraulic Variables

Stream Hydrograph Graph showing fluctuation in stream discharge over time Lag between storm event and highest discharge Base flow – flow rate sustained by groundwater influx

Flooding Flood Stage – stream discharge increases so that water spills out of channel onto adjoining ground Return Period – time between events of a given magnitude, e.g. annual flood, 50-year flood, 100- year flood Larger floods occur less frequently

Mississippi River Floods At least 100-year flood, perhaps a 500-year flood Heavy winter rains saturated ground Stationary high pressure in Southeast in summer, blocking mid-latitude jet stream over Midwest Cool, dry air collided with warm, moist air along jet stream, creating constant precipitation Precipitation ran off into stream channels & rivers

Mississippi River Floods

2009 Carrollton Floods

Fluvial Processes and Landforms Running water is most important geomorphic (landform shaping) process on Earth’s surface All landforms due to either erosion or deposition Erosional landforms occur when sediment, soil, or rock is stripped away from land Depositional landforms occur where sediment accumulates after being dropped

Depositional vs. Erosional Landforms

Hillslopes Most active zones of fluvial erosion due to high relief creating fast-moving, powerful water Rills Gully

Ravine Canyon

Landforms Geography Glaciers

Glacial Geomorphology Development of a glacier Types of glaciers Glacial landforms

Development of a Glacier

Glacial Mass Budget

Glacial Movement

Glacier Types

Continental Glaciers

Glacial Landforms Rock & debris picked up by glaciers, transported in direction of movement & deposited Glacial erosion: –Glacial Abrasion – scratch and gouge bedrock –Glacial Striations – caused by glacial abrasion –Glacial Grooves – deep striations –Glacial Plucking – boulders ripped from ground by glacier – deposited by retreating glacier, called Glacial Erratics

Glacial Erosional Landforms Glacial grooves Roche Moutonnee Glacial striations

Alpine Erosional Landforms Glacial Erosion: –Cirque – bowl-like feature on mountain flanks –Tarn – small lake in bottom of cirque –Arête – narrow, steep ridges between cirques –Horn – mountain with 3 or more arêtes at summit –Glacial Trough – u-shape valley eroded by glacier

Alpine Erosional Landforms

Glacial Depositional Landforms – Glacial Drift Glacial Till – sediment directly deposited by glacier – many particle sizes Moraine – winding ridge formed by till at the front or side of glacier – Moraine types: –Lateral – along former edges of glacier –Terminal – along front of former glacier –Recessional – formed as glacier recedes –Medial – between 2 glaciers –Ground – irregular deposition as glacier recedes

Glacial Depositional Landforms (Till)

Glacial Depositional Landforms (outwash) Glacial Outwash – sediments deposited by water out & under a glacier as it melts – forms Outwash Plain, flat feature in front of former glacier Kame – large mound deposited near glacier front Esker – winding ridge from water flowing in tunnel through ice under glacier Kettle Lake – big ice block fallen off glacier front is buried by outwash, melts later forming lake

Glacial Depositional Landforms