Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 4 Prefixes Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Chapter Goals  Define basic prefixes used in the medical language.  Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and other word elements.  Learn about the Rh condition as an example of an antigen-antibody reaction.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Chapter 4 Lesson 4.1

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 a-, anno, not, without ab-away from ad-toward ana- up, apart ante-before, forward PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 anti-against auto-self, own bi-two brady- slow cata-down con-with, together PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 contra-against, opposite de-down, lack of dia-through, complete dys- bad, painful, difficult ec-, ectoout, outside en-, endo-in, within PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 epi-upon, on, above eu-good, normal ex-out, away from hemi- half hyper-excessive, above hypo-deficient, under Prefix Meaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 in-not in-into, within infra-beneath inter- between intra-into, within macro-large PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 mal-bad meta-beyond, change micro-small neo- new pan-all para-abnormal, beside, near PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 per-through peri-surrounding poly-many, much post- after, behind pre-before, in front of pro-before, forward PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 pseudo-false re-back, again retro-behind, backwards sub- under supra-above, upper syn-, sym-together, with PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 tachy-fast trans-across, through ultra-beyond, excel uni- one PrefixMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the body? (Watch spelling!) A. adducter B. abductor C. adductor D. abducter

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Which term means painful breathing? A. dyspnea B. dysplasia C. apnea D. cephalgia QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Review  Adrenal glands: Endocrine glands located above each kidney  Antibiotic: Destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria  Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Rh Condition Background on Rh Condition  Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the body, that stimulates the production of antibodies.  Antibodies: Protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Rh Condition (cont’d)  Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Rh Condition (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell? A. platelets B. leukocytes C. thrombocytes D. erythrocytes

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Review  Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.  Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Review (cont’d)  Contralateral: The opposite side of the body.  Dialysis: Removing harmful waste products from the body with an artificial kidney machine (dialysis machine).

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Review (cont’d)  Ectopic pregnancy: An abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the abdominal cavity.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 4. Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the ____________? A. peritoneal cavity B. right ovary C. left ovary D. fallopian tube

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Review Review  Parathyroid glands: Four endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the thyroid gland.  Prolapse: To fall or slide forward, often used to describe an organ, such as a prolapsed uterus.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Review (cont’d)  Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.  Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.  Symbiosis: Two organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Review (cont’d)  Symphysis: A joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage.  Transurethral: When an instrument passes through the urethra.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Review: Ultrasonography Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Pronunciation  ā as in āpe  ē as in ēven  ī as in īce  ō as in ōpen  ū as in ūnit  ă as in ăpple  ĕ as in ĕvery  ĭ as in ĭnterest  ŏ as in pŏt  ŭ as in ŭnder

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Pronunciation (cont’d)  Examples  antigen  contralateral  malaise  prolapse  ĂN-tĭ-jĕn  cŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ăl  măl- ĀZ  PRŌ-lăps