I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE BREAK!!!

I HOPE YOU HAD SUCCESSFUL EXAM TERMS!!!

SPEAKING ABOUT EXAMS…

…IF YOU STILL DO NOT HAVE YOUR EJ1 (OJV1+GEJ1) GRADES…

…REGISTERED IN YOUR STUDENT ID BOOKS…

YOU CAN HAVE THEM REGISTERED DURING OLGA’S OFFICE HOURS!

NOW...

Welcome to our new course… ENGLESKI JEZIK 2: GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2 …also known as…

GEJ 2

A BRIEF COURSE DESCRIPTION: GRADING ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 - GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2 (GEJ2): – ATTENDANCE 15% (10% att. + 5% activity) – TEST25% – WRITTEN EXAM30% (55% minimum correct) – ORAL EXAM30% TEST: to take place in April (most probably second half) ORAL EXAM: three questions: – 2 theoretical questions (GEJ2 + relevant topics from GEJ1) – 1 practical question (e.g. explain the usage of the passive voice in five sentences)

A BRIEF DIGRESSION...

EJ2-OJV2 GRADING ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 – OBJEDINJENE JEZIČKE VEŠTINE 2 (OVJ2): – ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION: 10% 3.33% PER EACH PART OF THE COURSE I.e. 3.33% for PRESENTATIONS, 3.33% for WRITING, 3.33% for TEXT ANALYSIS – PRESENTATIONS30% (pre-exam) – WRITING30% (pre-exam) – TEXT ANALYSIS30% (WRITTEN EXAM) PRE-EXAM TESTS: probably to take place in MAY

TO SUM UP…

ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 GEJ2 (50%) Attendance and participation 15% Midterm exam/test 25% Written exam 30% Oral exam 30% OJV2 (50%) Attendance and participation 10% (3.33% for each part( Presentations 30% Writing 30% Text analysis 30%

(TENTATIVE) COURSE SCHEDULE FEBRUARY: Adjective Phrase MARCH: Adjective Phrase (wrap-up), Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase APRIL: Adverbials and SIMPLE SENTENCE MAY: COMPLEX SENTENCE

CLASS #1: AP CLASS #2: AP/AdvP CLASS #3: AdvP, PP CLASS #4: PP CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS CLASS #7: MIDTERM OVERVIEW AND SIMPLE SENTENCE INTRO MIDTERM TEST CLASS #8: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #10: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCE, WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

TEXTBOOKS The Same Ones as in the Last Semester

TEXTBOOKS Greenbaum & Quirk, A Student’s Grammar of the English Language

TEXTBOOKS Đurić & Šević, A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar

Speaking about the workbook…

… it is possible that I made a blunder…

A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar Are there 14 pages at the end of your workbook that look like this?

A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar Those are feedback/comprehension forms that we will use at the end of each lecture. You will answer 10 to 15 questions that deal with the fundamental concepts introduced in each lecture. You will not be graded. I will use the data to modify the following presentation. They are formatted in such a strange way, because they will be assessed by the computer using an OMR program. However, we won’t be doing it today.

LET’S INTRODUCE OUR TODAY’S TOPIC NOW…

WHAT ARE THESE?

ADJECTIVES!

ADJECTIVES AND THE AP CLASS #

WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?

ADJECTIVES Adjectives are traditionally defined as a part of speech: – which describes a noun: a word that describes or qualifies a noun or pronoun According to more recent linguistic theories, an adjective is: – a word whose main syntactic role is to provide detailed information about qualities that are compatible with the noun which the adjective modifies – A PREGNAT WHALE – *A PREGNANT TABLE

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES How to identify an adjective: – SUFFIXES – there are several suffixes which are distinctively adjectival: -able, -ible, -ful, -less, -ic, - ive, -ant, -ous, -al, -ish, -ly, – PARTICIPLES and –ed forms – ING PARTICIPLES and PAST PARTICIPLES can function as adjectives: a surprising visit, a surprised visitor However, some –ed forms are just adjectives because there is no corresponding verb, eg. a talented actor

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES The biggest problem, as far as identifying an adjective is concerned, is how to distinguish between an adverb and an adjective: – SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE AND THE ADVERB HAVE THE SAME FORM: late, fast, daily, early, monthly A fast car VS. He drives fast. Early morning. VS. He came early. – SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE HAS THE –LY SUFFIX WHICH IS TYPICALLY AN ADVERB SUFFIX: A friendly smile He greeted me in a friendly way. *He greeted me friendly.

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES (cont.) – SOMETIMES THERE ARE TWO WORDS WITH THE SAME ROOT WHICH LOOK LIKE AND ADJECTIVE- ADVERB PAIR, BUT THEY CAN BOTH BE ADVERBS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS: high and highly, hard and hardly, etc. He works hard. VS. He hardly works. – SOMETIMES, ESPECIALLY IN AMERICAN ENGLISH, IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE NON-DERIVED FORM (without – LY) AS AN ADVERB: – Think positive! Think positively! – I hear you loud and clear!

ADJECTIVE PHRASES: general characteristics PARADIGM – adjectives can be compared FUNCTION (syntactic function – their function in the sentence) An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase that has an ADJECTIVE as its HEAD.

ADJECTIVAL PARADIGM Adjectival paradigm consists of three forms: – POSITIVE e.g. BIG – COMPARATIVE e.g. BIGGER – SUPERLATIVE e.g. BIGGEST – However, not all adjectives can be compared: Adjectives denoting ULTIMATE STATES and UNGRADABLE PROPERTIES cannot be compared: – He is deader. or Mary is more pregnant than Janet.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVAL COMPARISON On the basis of the category of DEGREE, it is possible to distinguish THREE types of adjectival comparison: COMPARISON TO THE SAME DEGREE: – Mark is as intelligent as John. COMPARISON TO A HIGHER DEGREE: – Mark is older than John. COMPARISON TO A LOWER DEGREE: – Mark is less sociable than John.

ADJECTIVE PHRASES: function [An [expensive] painting] has been stolen from… This painting is [expensive]. syntactic functions of adjectives DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION Adjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN. Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift] However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]] DEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION Adjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN. Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift] However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]] INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTION Adjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT. Cs – subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful]. Co – object complement: He made his parents AP[proud]. The policeman kicked the door AP[open]. INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTION Adjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT. Cs – subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful]. Co – object complement: He made his parents AP[proud]. The policeman kicked the door AP[open].

FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE TWO TYPES of adjective phrases:  SIMPLE  AP=Adj e.g. intelligent COMPLEX – Complex APs with PREMODIFICATION: AP=Adv+Adj very intelligent AP=Adj+Adv intelligent enough, marvelous indeed – Complex APs with COMPLEMENTATION: AP=Adj+PP intelligent beyond your expectations AP=Adj+Cl non-fin intelligent [enough] [to quit that job] AP=Adj+Cl fin certain that he will succeed

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE ADJECTIVE IN A SINGLE PHRASE? LET’S TRY TO DESCRIBE A PHOTO!

POSITION AND ORDER OF ADJECTIVES PREMODIFYING POSITION = typical position of attributive adjectives in NPs MANY ADJECTIVES CAN CO-OCCUR IN THIS POSITION THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES IN THE PRMODIFYING POSITION IS FIXED. WHAT IS THEIR RELATIVE ORDER? PREMODIFYING ADJECTIVES subjective measure objective measuregeneralsizeshapeagecolorparticipleoriginmaterialmodifying noun beautiful/cuddly large roundish young white domesticated English lop bunny

EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES: ONLY ONE IS OK. WHICH ONE? handsome hot cute Italian guy handsome cute hot Italian guy hot cute handsome Italian guy cute hot handsome Italian guy cute handsome hot Italian guy IF THERE ARE SEVERAL ADJECTIVES OF THE SAME TYPE, YOU ORDER THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR LENGTH.

EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES: hot cute handsome Italian extremely and amazingly intelligent guy dangerous new non-opportunistic infections IF THERE IS ONE EXTREMELY LONG (= number of syllables) ADJECTIVE PHRASE IT TAKES THE FINAL POSITION REGARDLESS OF ITS TYPE

SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES i.e. their meaning

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 97) semantic, adj. = relating to the meanings of words semantic classification of adjectives stative vs. dynamic gradable vs. non-gradable inherent vs. non-inherent

STATIVE vs. DYNAMIC Adjectives typically denote permanent states (e.g. tall, intelligent), so they are typically STATIVE. However, some adjectives can denote temporary properties (e.g. rude, naughty, cruel, foolish). These two classes differ syntactically: – She is being rude. *She is being tall. (progressive) – Don’t be silly.*Don’t be tall. (imperative) I.e. when they are used predicatively, stative adjectives are incompatible with the progressive aspect and the imperative mood Those adjectives are DYNAMIC.

GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE Gradable adjectives refer to properties that can be represented on a scale: – GRADABLE : John is tall. – NON-GRADABLE: John is English. Mary is pregnant. Only gradable adjectives can express comparison: – John is taller than Bob. – *Mary is more pregnant than Jane. Only gradable adjectives can be premodifed by intensifiers: – John is very tall. *Mary is very pregnant.

GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE Most gradable adjectives come in pairs: – deep/shallow; high/low; long/short; tall/short – old/young; thick/thin; wide/narrow; heavy/light Why is that important? In such pairs, there is always the unmarked word which is used in questions and general statements.

Peel P50

The Peel P50 is officially the world’s smallest car ever made. How ____ (big/small) is the Peel P50? BIG

GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE Some gradable adjectives come in pairs: – deep/shallow; high/low; long/short; tall/short – old/young; thick/thin; wide/narrow; heavy/light In such pairs, it is always the upper degree word which is the unmarked word: – John is 8 years old/*young. – How old is he? – *How young is he? – How beautiful is she? – *How ugly is she? – How quick is this car? – *How slow is this car?

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the noun directly: – an old friend ≠ my friend is old – Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not characterize the person. Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT.

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT Classifying an ADJ in one of the two groups (inherent vs. non-inherent) may involve relation to an implicit or explicit standard, e.g. – BIG is INHERENT in a big mouse, the standard being the relative size of mice – BIG is NON-INHERENT in a big fool, the standard being degrees of foolishness. However, the relative standard has to be distinguished from gradability as well as from the inherent/non-inherent contrast.

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT For example: – Perfect and good are non-inherent in a perfect mother and a good mother, the standard being motherhood, but only good is gradable (a very good mother, *a very perfect mother). NOW, LET’S SEE HOW THIS CLASSIFICATION WORKS IN PRACTICE.

Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy? happy girlhappy rock

Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard? hard rockhard Rock

Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden? wooden Nichols Cage wooden table

PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (a,b,c,d) NI I NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT NI I

And now…

EVEN MORE ADJECTIVES!!!

SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOUR OF ADJs HAPPY: Mary is a happy girl. A happy girl in the corner is called Mandy. The girl in the corner is happy. The award made her happy. UTTER: Mary is an utter fool. An utter fool can never comprehend such complex ideas. *The girl in the corner is utter. *The award made her utter.

SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 96) syntactic classification of adjectives CENTRAL PERIPHERAL This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform. Adjectives that can have BOTH attributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g. a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy. Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL. E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.

SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES – peripheral adjectives PERIPHERAL ADJECTIVES attributive only predicative only

PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (a, b, c) CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier CENTRAL

ADJECTIVES AGAIN!!!

SOME INTERESTING SENTENCES FEATURING ADJECTIVES Jumpy, he got scared when the door screaked. Blissful, he signed the contract without reading the small print,. If ready, give me a signal! When black, these berries are ripe. Marvellous! You did it! You bought me a new iPad! How nice of you!

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

THE END THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! CU NEXT WEEK!