CH. 5 Skeletal System

Know the functions of the skeletal system 206 bones with 2 divisions

4 Bone types Long Bone- longer than they are wide. They have a shaft with heads at both ends. Usually compact bone. Bones of the arms and legs are examples Short Bone-cube shaped spongy bones. Examples are wrist, ankle and kneecap. The patella is a sesamoid bone that forms within tendons. Flat Bones- thin, flat and usually curved. Examples are skull, ribs and sternum Irregular bones- do not fit above categories. Examples are vertebrae and hip.

Bone Structure Review major parts of the long bone Anatomy of a bone color page

Label the 6 tissues of bone A little different perspective on the bone. Fill in from left to right, give function. Cartilage(end of bone) cushions and shapes Spongy bone- lightweight, stores calcium Marrow- produces blood cells & platelets Periosteum- covers bone, has nerves and blood vessels, connects with tendons and ligaments, form bone tissue Solid bone- hard bone, supports, stores minerals Ligament- holds bones together.

Activity Take the 3 sheets with the parts of the long bone. Follow instructions and make a model of the bone.

Microscopic Structures: Go over notes on microscopic structure Bone Matrix Coloring

Bone Markings Projections can help form joints or be sites of muscle or ligament attachment.  Tuberosity: large rounded projection  Crest: narrow ridge of bone  Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur.  Process: any bony prominance

Bone Markings Depressions and openings allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through the bone  Sinus-cavity within a bone  Fossa- shallow, basinlike depression in a bone  Groove- furrow  Fissure- narrow opening  Foramen- round or oval opening through a bone

Synovial Joints Plane joint- flat surfaces, only short slipping or gliding movement occurs. Wrist Hinge joint- movement allowed in one plane. Knee or elbow Pivot- turns around long axis. Top of the neck (atlas & axis). Saddle- biaxial joints (thumb) Ball and socket- multiaxial, most freely moving joints, shoulder and hip

Conditions of the Skeletal System Dislocation- bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity. Fixed by reduction-should be performed by a physician. Bursitis- joint pain and inflammation can be caused by this, commonly called “water on the knee” Sprain- ligaments are damaged by excessive stretching or they are torn away from the bone. Arthritis- inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints, there are 100s of forms of arthritis

Types of Arthritis Osteoarthritis (OA)= most common form of arthritis. Degenerative condition that normally affects older people. Slow progressing and rarely crippling. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)= autoimmune disorder. Body attempts to destroy its own tissue. Tends to be symmetrical. If one elbow is affected the other probably will be too. More common in females. Gouty arthritis (Gout)= uric acid accumulates in the blood and is depositied as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissue of joints. More common in males

Osteoporosis Bone thinning disease. Afflicts ½ the women over age 65 and 20% of men over 70. Makes bones brittle to the point where they can break with a hug or sneeze. Spine, neck and femur are especially effected. Estrogen helps maintain health and normal bone density so after menopause women are more likely to have this. Can be caused by diet poor in calcium, protein and vitamin D. Smoking increases risk. Exercise actually helps prevent it.

Review Pages Work with your partner on answering these questions. We will have a test review with actual test questions on Thursday!