CHAPTER 1 I NTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Chapter Objectives 2  Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success  Define an information system and describe its components  Explain how profiles and models can represent business functions and operations  Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships

Chapter Objectives 3  Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them  Distinguish between structured analysis, object- oriented analysis, and agile methods  Compare the traditional waterfall model with agile methods and models  Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who work there

Introduction 4  Companies use information:  to sustain and survive in a business environment  as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sound decisions.  IT can mean the difference between success and failure Figure 1-1

The Impact of Information Technology 5  Information Technology (IT)  Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information  A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and safeguarded carefully

The Impact of Information Technology 6  The Future of IT  Will see robust growth for at least a decade  The greatest need will be for systems analysts, network administrators, data communications analysts, and software engineers

The Impact of Information Technology 7  The Role of Systems Analysis and Design  Systems Analysis and Design Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems  Systems Analyst Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

The Impact of Information Technology 8  Who develops Information Systems?  In-house applications  Software packages  Internet-based application services  Outsourcing  Custom solutions  Enterprise-wide software strategies  How versus What

Information System Components 9  A system is a set of related components that produces specific results  A Mission-critical system is one that is vital to a company’s operations  Data consists of basic facts that are the system’s raw material

Information System Components 10  Information is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users  Information systems have FIVE key components: HardwareSoftwareDataProcessesPeople

Information System Components 11  Hardware  Is the physical layer of the information system  Moore’s Law Figure 1-9

Information System Components 12  Software  System software  Application software  Enterprise applications  Horizontal system  Vertical system  Legacy systems

Information System Components 13  Data  Is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information  Tables store data  By linking the tables, the system can extract specific information

Information System Components 14  Processes  Describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results  People  Stakeholders  Users, or end users

Understanding The Business 15  Business Process Modeling  A process used by systems analysts to represent a company's operations and information needs

Understanding The Business 16  Business Profile  defines a company's overall functions, processes, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction

Understanding The Business 17  Business Models  Business model graphically represents business functions that consist of business processes, such as sales, accounting, and purchasing  Business process describes specific events, tasks, and desired results  Business process reengineering (BPR) An attempt by companies to simplify operations or reduce costs

Understanding The Business 18  New Kinds of Companies  Production-oriented  Service-oriented  Internet-dependent  Dot-com (.com)  Brick-and-mortar

Impact of the Internet 19  E-Commerce or I-Commerce  B2C (Business-to-Consumer)  B2B (Business-to-Business)  EDI  Extensible markup language (XML)  Supplier relationship management (SRM)

Impact of the Internet 20  Web-Based System Development  WebSphere: IBM .NET: Microsoft  PHP Zend Framework: Zend  Web services  Internet-based systems involve various hardware and software designs  Career opportunities will expand

How Business Uses Information Systems 21  In past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served  Office systems  Operational systems  Decision support systems  Executive information systems

22  Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions and features, rather than by its users  Enterprise computing systems  Transaction processing systems  Business support systems  Knowledge management systems  User productivity systems How Business Uses Information Systems

23  Enterprise computing systems  Support company-wide operations and data management requirements  Enterprise resource planning (ERP)  Many hardware and software vendors target the enterprise computing market How Business Uses Information Systems

24  Transaction processing systems  Involve large amounts of data and are mission-critical systems  Efficient because they process a set of transaction- related commands as a group rather than individually How Business Uses Information Systems

25  Business support systems  Provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company  Management information systems (MIS)  Radio frequency identification (RFID)  What-if How Business Uses Information Systems

26  Knowledge management systems  Called expert systems  Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules  Many knowledge management systems use technique called fuzzy logic How Business Uses Information Systems

27  User productivity systems  Technology that improves productivity  Groupware  Information systems integration  Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features How Business Uses Information Systems

Information System Users and Their Needs 28  A systems analyst must understand the company’s organizational model to recognize who is responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is required by whom

Information System Users and Their Needs 29  Top managers  Strategic plans  Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers  Supervisors and Team Leaders  Operational Employees  Empowerment

Systems Development Tools 30  Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems.  Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment

Systems Development Tools 31  Modeling  Business model  Requirements model  Data model  Object model  Network model  Process model

Systems Development Tools 32  Prototyping  Prototype  Speeds up the development process significantly  Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood  Can be an extremely valuable tool

Systems Development Tools 33  Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools  Also called computer-aided software engineering  CASE tools  Can generate program code, which speeds the implementation process

Overview of Systems Development Methods 34  The most popular alternatives are structured analysis, which is a traditional method that still is widely used, and object-oriented analysis (O-O), which is a newer approach that many analysts prefer, and agile methods, also called adaptive methods  Understand the various methods and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach

Overview of Systems Development Methods 35  It is not unusual for system developers to mix and match methods  People, tasks, timetables, and costs must be managed efficiently  Project management

Overview of Systems Development Methods 36  Structured Analysis  Systems development life cycle (SDLC)  Predictive approach  Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically  Process-centered technique  Waterfall model

Overview of Systems Development Methods 37  Structured Analysis  Deliverable or end product  Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the SDLC, because the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the phases  This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are followed too rigidly  Adjacent phases usually interact

Overview of Systems Development Methods 38  Structured Analysis  The SDLC model usually includes five steps Systems planning Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems support and security

Overview of Systems Development Methods 39  Structured Analysis  Systems Planning Systems planning phase Systems request – begins the process & describes problems or desired changes Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary investigation Key part of preliminary investigation is a feasibility study

Overview of Systems Development Methods 40  Structured Analysis  Systems Analysis Systems analysis phase First step is requirements modeling, where you investigate business processes and document what the new system must do to satisfy users Deliverable is the System requirements document

Overview of Systems Development Methods 41  Structured Analysis  Systems Design Systems design phase Identify necessary outputs, inputs, and processes Design internal and external controls Determine the application architecture Deliverable is system design specification Management and user involvement is critical

Overview of Systems Development Methods 42  Structured Analysis  Systems Implementation Systems implementation phase New system is constructed Programs are written, tested, and documented, and the system is installed Includes an assessment, called a system evaluation

Overview of Systems Development Methods 43  Structured Analysis  Systems Support and Security Systems Operation, Support, and Security phase A well-designed system must be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalable Most information systems need to be updated significantly or replaced after several years of operation

Overview of Systems Development Methods 44  Object-Oriented Analysis  Combines data & processes that act on the data into things called objects  Object is a member of a class  Objects possess properties  Methods change an object’s properties

Overview of Systems Development Methods 45  Object-Oriented Analysis  A message requests specific behavior or information from another object  Usually follow a series of analysis and design phases that are similar to the SDLC  Interactive model

Overview of Systems Development Methods 46  Agile Methods  Are the newest development  Emphasizes continuous feedback  Iterative development  Agile community has published the Agile Manifesto  Spiral model

Overview of Systems Development Methods 47  Agile Methods  Agile process determines the end result  Other adaptive variations and related methods exist  Two examples are Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP)  Analysts should understand the pros and cons of any approach before selecting a development method

Overview of Systems Development Methods 48  Other Development Methods  IT departments have long sought to avoid systems that were developed without sufficient input from users  Joint application development (JAD)  Rapid application development (RAD)

Overview of Systems Development Methods 49  Other Development Methods  Might encounter other systems development techniques  Rational Unified Process (RUP®)  Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)

Systems Development Guidelines 50  Develop a project plan  Involve users and listen carefully to them  Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones  Develop accurate cost and benefit information  Remain flexible

Information Technology Department 51  The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems.  The IT group provides technical support  These functions overlap considerably and often have different names in different companies

Information Technology Department 52  Application Development  Teams consisting of users, managers and IT Staff members  Systems Support and Security  Deployment team  User Support  Help desk or information center (IC)

Information Technology Department 53  Database Administration  Database design, management, security, backup, and user access  Network Administration  Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security  Web Support  Webmasters

Information Technology Department 54  Quality Assurance (QA)  Reviews and tests all applications and systems changes to verify specifications and software quality standards  Is a separate unit that reports directly to IT management

The Systems Analyst Position 55  A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems  On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team  Smaller companies often use consultants to perform systems analysis work on an as-needed basis

The Systems Analyst Position 56  Responsibilities  Translate business requirements into IT projects  Required Skills and Background  Solid technical knowledge, strong oral and written communication skills and analytic ability, and an understanding of business operations and processes.

The Systems Analyst Position 57  Certification Certification  Important credential  Career Opportunities  Job titles  Company organization  Company size  Corporate culture Corporate culture  Salary, location, and future growth

Chapter Summary 58  IT refers to the combination of hardware and software resources that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information  The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people  Most companies offer a mix of products, technical and financial services, consulting, and customer support

Chapter Summary 59  Information systems are identified as enterprise computing systems, transactional processing or operational systems, business support systems, knowledge management systems, or user productivity systems  Organization structure includes top managers, middle managers and knowledge workers, supervisors and team leaders

Chapter Summary 60  Systems analysts use modeling, prototyping, and computer aided systems engineering (CASE) tools  Three popular system development approaches are structured analysis, object-oriented analysis (O-O), and agile methods, also called adaptive methods

Chapter Summary 61  Regardless of the development strategy, people, tasks, timetables, and cost must be managed effectively using project management tools  The IT department develops, maintains and operates a company’s information systems

Chapter Summary 62  Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication skills  Systems analysts need to consider salary, location, and future growth potential when making a career decision

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