Integrated science for our changing world ICP Vegetation: Contributions on Ozone for the Revision of the Gothenburg Protocol Monitoring of ambient ozone effects Policy-relevant indicators Critical levels workshop Flux modelling methods and applications Review of effects in the Mediterranean Quantifying and mapping impacts

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Ozone biomonitoring with bean Participation in 2009: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, (15 sites -10 countries) Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, UK Aim: develop ozone flux-effect relationship for bean  Ozone-sensitive and –resistant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Impacts in Mediterranean areas  Negative impacts on yield/quality of over 20 crops (e.g. potato, tomato, bean, watermelon, artichoke, lettuce, spinach, chicory).  Decrease marketable value  Visible leaf damage, physiological effects, growth reduction trees (Holm oak, Carob tree, Aleppo pine, laurel)  Scarce info on sensitivity herbaceous plant communities Sugar - tomato aa Flowers - clover Bermejo (2002) Sanz et al. (2007)

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world New/revised flux-based CLe (doc 14)  Expert Panel Meeting: ‘Flux-based assessment of ozone effects for air pollution policy’, Nov 2009  Follow on at 23 rd Task Force meeting, Feb 2010  10 new/revised flux-based critical levels adopted, included in revision of Mapping Manual chapter 3  New terminology: Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above threshold Y (POD Y ), previously called AF st Y  Policy relevant indicators identified  Retain concentration-based CLs in Mapping Manual

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Revised flux-based critical levels Receptor Effect (% reduction) Parameter* Critical level (mmol m -2 ) WheatGrain yield (5%)POD 6 1 Wheat1000 grain weight (5%)POD 6 2 WheatProtein yield (5%)POD 6 2 PotatoTuber yield (5%)POD 6 5 TomatoFruit yield (5%)POD 6 2 Norway spruceBiomass (2%)POD 1 8 Birch and beechBiomass (4%)POD 1 4 Productive grasslands (clover) Biomass (10%)POD 1 2 Conservation grasslands (clover) Biomass (10%)POD 1 2 Conservation grasslands (Viola spp), provisional Biomass (15%)POD 1 6 * PODY = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y Used to define policy-relevant indicators

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Crops Full flux model Critical level (and response function) for security of food supplies:  Protein yield of wheat  Tomato fruit yield For both a POD 6 of 2 mmol m -2 Generic crop flux model (for IAM) Generic crop flux-response function to show areas at highest risk of ozone damage (POD 3 ) in EMEP domain Protein yield wheat Tomato

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Forests  Critical level (full flux model) for protection against: (1) Loss of carbon storage in the living biomass of trees (2) Loss of environmental protection (e.g. soil erosion, floods, avalanches) Beech/birch: POD 1 = 4 mmol m -2  Generic forest tree model for generic deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean tree species: POD 1 (for IAM)

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world (Semi-)natural vegetation  Critical level (full flux model) for protection against: (1) Loss of vitality and fodder quality of pasture: Clover, POD 1 of 2 mmol m -2 (2) Loss of vitality of natural species*: Clover, POD 1 of 2 mmol m -2 * May also protect against loss of biodiversity Note: No generic flux-model available for IAM

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Application of ozone critical levels (1) Flux-based critical levels:  Full flux models/response functions: modelling impacts at local/regional scale (e.g. effects on food security and ecosystem services); suitable for economic impact assessments Modelling risk of damage without quantification:  Generic flux model/response functions (crops, trees) (no CLe): for large scale modelling, including IAM, to provide an indication of risk; not suitable for economic impact assessment  Additional species-specific flux models (without suitable effects data): for application at local scale to indicate risk to specific species

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Application of ozone critical levels (2) Concentration-based critical levels/response functions:  Estimating damage in areas where no stomatal conductance and/or climatic data available; should not be used for economic impact assessment VPD-modified AOT30:  Assessing risk of visible leaf injury, useful for leafy crops, where quality and market value is affected Fully revised this summer

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Flux to generic deciduous tree (POD 1 ) Health –based (SOMO35) Year 2000 Ex-post examples

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Flux to generic deciduous tree (POD 1 ) Health –based (SOMO35) Year MFR Ex-post examples

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Robustness CL ozone Main uncertainties:  Impacts soil moisture on ozone flux  Extrapolation from ozone exposure systems to field conditions  Trees: extrapolation effects on young (< 10 years) to mature trees Crops: - CLs substantiated in Ozone Evidence Report (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., in press) - Meta-analysis: 43 ppb O % decline in wheat grain yield and 16% decline biomasss (Feng et al., 2008) Forest trees: - Epidemiological study in Switzerland confirmed flux- based CL for beech/birch (Braun et al., 2010) - 40 ppb O 3 : reduction biomass 7% (Wittig et al., 2009) (Semi-)natural vegetation most uncertain due to its complexity (productive grasslands < low input grasslands < natural ecosystems)

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Biological diversity  Different sensitivities to O 3 identified for plant species (Hayes et al., 2007) and communities (Mills et al., 2007) ECE/EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/9  Legumes (N-fixers) identified as a particular O 3 -sensitive plant group  Hardly any field-based evidence: - little field-based research done - difficult to separate O 3 impacts from impacts other drivers of change Volk et al., 2006 Hayes et al., 2008

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Trends Ozone flux and CLex.: - No clear temporal trends - More damage in higher ozone years and in areas with highest flux and critical level exceedance (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., 2010)

ICP VEGETATION 29 th session WGE Integrated science for our changing world Revision Gothenburg Protocol (GP) 26 th session Executive Body (ECE/EB.AIR/96):  Para 23c: ‘…. policies aiming only at health effects would not protect vegetation in large areas of Europe’.  Para. 23d: ‘Decided that …… O 3 effects on vegetation be incorporated in IAM, especially in work for the revision of the GP, and recommended that flux-based methods be used.’ Annex 1: CLs based on stomatal fluxes are considered more biologically relevant than those based on concentrations since they take into account the modifying effect of climate, soil and plant factors on the uptake of ozone by vegetation.