Altered States of Consciousness PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Altered States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams

Section One Page 183 Consciousness REM sleep Circadian rhythm Insomnia Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Nightmares Night terrors Sleepwalking Objectives Describe the research related to sleep and dreams List and discuss sleep disorders

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Meanings of Consciousness (Three views) …as a Sensory Awareness sensory awareness of our environment …as a Direct Inner Awareness mental pictures and “feelings” (like love, anger, etc.) …as a Sense of Self different viewpoints for different people

Levels of (Waking) Consciousness Page 184 Levels of (Waking) Consciousness Conscious Level Perceptions and Thoughts Preconscious Level Memories and Stored Knowledge Unconscious (or Subconscious) Level Selfish needs, Immoral urges, Fears, Violent motives, Irrational wishes, Shameful experiences, unacceptable desires Nonconscious Level Biological functions (heart rate, growth, breathing)

Why do we sleep? Theories: Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion Primitive hibernation-sleep to conserve energy Sleep to conserve energy Adaptive process (sleep to protect us from the dangers of the nighttime) Clear our minds of useless information Sleep to dream

Levels of (Altered) Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Meditation Biofeedback Hypnosis Drugs Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Measuring sleep activity

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming There are 4 stages of quiet sleep and 1 stage of active sleep Approx. 75% of sleep time is spent in stages 1 thru 4 Approximately 25% of sleep time is spent dreaming Electroencephalograph (EEG) and other devices are used to measure sleep activity

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Stage 1 Pulse slows Breathing uneven Muscles relax Twitching Eyes roll / visual images Sensation of “drifting” Lasts about 10 minutes

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Stage 2: Slower brain waves Eyes move slowly from side-to-side Lasts about 30 minutes

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Stage 3: Deeper sleep Large delta brain waves every few seconds Varies in length

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Stage 4: State of oblivion Delta brain waves 50% of the time Varies in length Sleepwalking Bed wetting Talking out loud

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement): (dreaming) cycles in and out after stage 4 Irregular breathing/pulse Adrenal and sex hormones increase “Awake” brain waves occur every 90 for 10

Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 90 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2 REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness muscles most relaxed rapid eye movements occur dreams occur

Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep - less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM SLEEP

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, Nightmares/Night Terrors, Sleep Walking, and Sleep Apnea People need less sleep as they get older Babies need 16-18 hours of sleep daily Teens 10-11 hours, adults 8 hours, Seniors citizens need 5-6

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1) Sleeping and Dreaming Dreams get longer throughout the night with the last one the most likely to be remembered Dreams have a purpose according to many psychologists but they disagree on what it is Sigmund Freud: First to thoroughly study dreams believing they fulfilled hidden wishes Manifest Content of dreams comes from the re-living of the day’s events in your dreams Latent Content of dreams comes from repressed unconscious desires, often of a sexual nature

Altered States of Consciousness PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Altered States of Consciousness Section 7.2 Hypnosis …Hallucinations …Meditation

Section Two Pg 191 Objectives Hypnosis Posthypnotic suggestion Determine how hypnosis relates to consciousness. Describe research into such techniques as biofeedback and meditation. Hypnosis Posthypnotic suggestion Biofeedback Meditation

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Hypnosis: Characterized by a narrow focus of attention and heightened suggestibility Hypnotic trance is not sleep, but rather a loss of interest in external distractions Subject must be willing to cooperate, and will only do things they normally would do Dissociation Theory Vs. Hidden Observer Theory

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis State of subconscious control through focusing Certain thoughts, emotions, sensations, and/or memories are separated “out” by your mind Can also be reached thru traumatic accidents/events Examples: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Hidden Observer Theory of Hypnosis When under hypnotic control, awareness of the world around you isn’t “off” – just merely separate Person may be “aware” of actions but not have any idea why the action is taking place or how How those actions take place is through the “hidden observer”, who is like an autopilot for your mind https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI47UVChncw

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Posthypnotic Suggestion: Hypnotist gets subjects to do things after trance has ended … normally for treatment of a psychological condition Smoking cessation, anxiety relief, weight loss etc. Non-hypnotized persons can also do this

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Hallucinations :Perceptions that have no direct external cause and are not input from the senses Causes include hypnosis, meditation, some drugs, addiction withdrawal, psychosis Detect increase Dopamine levels in the brain Hallucinations are very similar from one person to the next due to brain’s reaction

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Sensory Deprivation: Severely limiting sensory inputs to a person’s brain People quickly become irritable, restless, upset and some begin to hallucinate Biofeedback: Learning to voluntarily control autonomic nervous system processes with the help of feedback Scientists used to believe heart rate, blood pressure, sweating etc. were involuntary

Altered States of Consciousness (7.2) Meditation: Focusing attention with the goal of clearing the mind to gain “inner peace” (self-hypnosis) Mantra: Special word that is repeated over and over causing deep relaxation response The Four Elements of Meditation; Quiet, Comfortable, a “Mental Device” (Mantra), & Passive Attitude

Altered States of Consciousness CP PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Altered States of Consciousness Section 7.3 Psychoactive Drugs

Section 3 Psychoactive drugs Marijuana Hallucinations Hallucinogens LSD Objectives Describe the effects drugs have on consciousness Define drug abuse

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Psychoactive Drugs: Interact with the Central Nervous System to alter mood, perception, and behavior Ranges from caffeine to marijuana, alcohol, amphetamines, LSD, Cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Depressants: Induce sleep, relaxation, impaired judgment/coordination, anxiety relief Types include Barbiturates, Quaaludes, Valium/Librium, Alcohol

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Opiates: Induce sedation, pain relief, apathy, impaired intellect/coordination, nausea Types include narcotics such as opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Stimulants: Induce alertness, elevated mood, wakefulness, appetite loss, high heart rate Types include amphetamines, Dexedrine, Ritalin, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Psychedelics: Induce distorted thoughts and perceptions, hallucinations anxiety, mood swings, violent behavior Types include LSD, Mescaline, PCP, Psilocybin, Marijuana, Hashish

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Antidepressants: Induce relief of depression, mood elevation, stimulation Types include Lithium, Dibenzapines, MAO inhibitors

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Inhalants: Cause Euphoria, Shortness of Breath, Nausea, Headache, Dizziness, fainting Types include: Hydrocarbons, nitrous oxide, chlorohydrocarbons

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Trends in Drug Use All Psychoactive Drugs have Long-Term negative effects Ex: addiction, withdrawal, paranoia, brain damage, DEATH! The Short Term effects of psychoactive drugs last from 1-12 hours depending on the drug used Alcohol: Most used/abused mind altering substance in U.S. Trends in Drug Use

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Tolerance Withdrawal Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big Drug Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Drug Tolerance Potential Addiction Potential (Leads to higher dosage) Psychological Physical Depressants Yes High Yes Opiates Yes High Yes Stimulants Yes High Yes Psychedelics Yes Low No Antidepressants No Low No Inhalants “Unknown” Moderate “Unknown”

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Near-Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced (LSD) hallucinations

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3 Treatment for drug abuse The drug abuser must admit that he or she has a problem. The drug abuser must enter a treatment program an/or get therapy. The drug abuser must remain drug free.