Chapter 6 – The Second Industrial Revolution Section 1 - The Age of Invention

The Age of Invention Industrial Innovations Steel 1865 - 15,000 tons produced @ $100/ton 1910 - 28,000,000 tons @ $12/ton The Bessemer Process Developed by Henry Bessemer in Great Britain and William Kelly in the US Method of steel making that burned off the impurities in molten iron using a blast of hot air from a blast furnace Helps usher in the Ind. Rev. - used in constructing railroads and rail cars, high rise buildings, bridges, nails, wire, and in machinery

Blast Furnace

Steel Mill 1

Steel Mill 2

Oil Development of a process to refine oil was as important to industrialization as advances in steel production. Edwin L. Drake – 1st to use a steam engine to drill for oil (Titusville, Penn.) – “Drakes Filly” produced 20 barrels of oil per day. Elijah McCoy – the son of runaway slaves, invented a lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of a machine while it was running. Received a patent – a guarantee to protect an inventors rights to make, use, and sell an invention

Transportation Railroads Cheap steel/the Bessemer Process – significant impact on RR expansion Rapid increase in RR lines led to a more efficient network of rail transportation 1st transcontinental RR finished in 1869 Central Pacific and Union Pacific RR’s joined in Promontory, Utah George Westinghouse – developed a compressed air break – improved RR safety RR’s increased western settlement and stimulated urban growth by making travel affordable and easy. Railroad’s impact on the economy is immeasurable

Promontory Point Celebration

How did advancements in steel production effect the railroad industry How did advancements in steel production effect the railroad industry? Write your response in your notebook.

The Horseless Carriage Innovations in oil refining led Nikolaus A. Otto to invent the first internal combustion engine powered by gasoline in 1876. 1893 Charles and J. Frank Duryea used this engine to build the first practical motorcar or “horseless carriage” Airplanes Using the int. comb. engine, Orville and Wilbur Wright developed one of the first working airplanes On Dec. 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, NC, Orville Wright flew the first powered plain for 12 seconds/ 120 feet

Communications Telegraph Telephone Typewriter Samuel F.B. Morse developed the telegraph as a means of communicating over wires with electricity. Business orders could be sent to distant locations in moments. The telegraph grew in conjunction w/ the railroad. Morse Code – dot-and-dash message code Telephone Patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 Early phones required operators to connect callers – many women filled these new jobs. Typewriter Developed by Christopher Sholes in 1867 Revolutionized communications Jobs as typists offered women the opportunity to work a skilled position for the first time

Samuel F.B. Morse

Alexander Graham Bell

Edison and Menlo Park Thomas Alva Edison – America’s most influential inventor – his inventions include The electric vote recorder The telegraphic stock ticker The phonograph 1877 the light bulb 1879 He improved the telephone Developed the first electric power plant (used Direct Current DC) Opened a workshop in Menlo Park, NJ, where he assembled a team of researchers where he promised to deliver “a minor invention every ten days and a big thing every six months or so.”