The Cardiovascular System The Heart and Circulation Pages 356-363 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cardiovascular System Includes the heart and the blood vessels Functions: Deliver oxygen/nutrients to cells/tissues Remove carbon dioxide/waste products Blood is the transport vehicle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Heart Location Orientation About the size of a human fist Thoracic cavity between the lungs within the inferior mediastinum (the central chamber of the thorax) Orientation Pointed apex directed toward left hip Base points toward right shoulder About the size of a human fist © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.1a Location of the heart within the thorax. Superior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary trunk Left lung Pericardium (cut) Apex of heart Diaphragm (a)

Figure 11.1b Location of the heart within the thorax. Midsternal line 2nd rib Sternum Diaphragm (b)

Coverings of the Heart The heart is enclosed by the pericardium Pericardium—a double-walled (2 layered) sac Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers: Parietal pericardium: outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium: lies directly on heart; also known as the epicardium Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium lubricates; prevents friction from the beating heart © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.2 Heart wall and coverings. Pulmonary trunk Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium Pericardium Pericardial cavity Myocardium Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) Heart wall Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber

Walls of the Heart Three layers comprise the walls of the heart: Epicardium Most superficial; connective tissue (This is the visceral pericardium) Myocardium Middle layer- the one that contracts Mostly cardiac muscle Desmosomes hold cells together gap junctions allow electrical wave to flow cell to cell Endocardium Inner layer known as endothelium Endothelial cells are a layer of thin squamous cells with vascularity A specialized type of epithelial cell © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.2 Heart wall and coverings. Pulmonary trunk Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium Pericardium Pericardial cavity Myocardium Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) Heart wall Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber

Chambers of the Heart Right and left side are separate pumps Four chambers: Atria -right and left (on top) Receiving chambers Ventricles -right and left (on bottom) Discharging chambers © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.3b Gross anatomy of the heart. Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle (b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

Dividing structures of the heart Interventricular septum Separates the two ventricles Interatrial septum Separates the two atria © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.3b Gross anatomy of the heart. Superior vena cava Aorta Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Left atrium Right atrium Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Pulmonary semilunar valve Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve) Fossa ovalis Aortic semilunar valve Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) Left ventricle Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Inferior vena cava Myocardium Visceral pericardium (epicardium) (b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

Heart showing Atrial Septal Defect

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Pulmonary Circulation Oxygen-poor blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left side of the heart from the lungs © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Systemic Circulation Oxygen-rich blood flows from the left side of the heart (via the aorta) to body tissues (oxygen is used at the cellular level; carbon dioxide is returned to circulation via veins for elimination from the body) Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right side of the heart via the superior vena cava © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.4 The systemic and pulmonary circulations. Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Aorta and branches Venae cavae Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Heart Systemic Circuit Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs KEY: Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood

Heart Valves Four valves: Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and ventricles Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart) Tricuspid valve (right side of heart) Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Function of Heart Valves Allow for unidirectional flow; prevent backflow Open/close in response to pressure changes in heart Leaky valves are ok… to a degree Valves that cannot close correctly cannot prevent backflow Valves that are damaged (due to infection) require more forceful contraction This leads to a weak heart and potential heart failure

Animations showing blood flow This link shows a summary of the process of blood flow: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_vi ew0/chapter22/animation__the_cardiac_cycle__quiz_2_.html This link shows a step by step process of flow: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anim ations/content/humanheart.html This link shows a valve replacement!! Very cool https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C- sIdppyaPQ

Blood supply to the HEART The heart has its own circulatory system Coronary arteries—branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood and dump into the Coronary sinus (located posterior and inferior) From the sinus, blood empties into the right atrium and is returned to pulmonary circulation for re-oxygenation at the lungs © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.3a Gross anatomy of the heart. Superior vena cava Aortic arch Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left atrium Right atrium Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex